Jan 12, 2023
Version 1
Reproductive Tissue Collection (Mammals): Post-mortem Sampling V.1
- sanaz.arenivas 1,
- Barbara Durrant2,
- comizzolip 3,
- mhouck 2,
- Jacquelyn Mountcastle4,
- Budhan Pukazhenthi5,
- phil.purdy 6
- 1Viagen Pets, Cedar Park, TX, USA;
- 2Conservation Science Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, USA;
- 3Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA;
- 4Revive & Restore, Sausalito, CA, USA;
- 5Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA;
- 6USDA, ARS, NLGRP, National Animal Germplasm Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Protocol Citation: sanaz.arenivas , Barbara Durrant, comizzolip , mhouck , Jacquelyn Mountcastle, Budhan Pukazhenthi, phil.purdy 2023. Reproductive Tissue Collection (Mammals): Post-mortem Sampling. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.q26g7yrb3gwz/v1
Manuscript citation:
Brahmasani,S.R., Sontakke, S., Ghosh, S., Mallapur, G., Yadav, S., Vasudevan, K. (2021). GRB Manual- An Introduction to Genetic Resource Banks for Wildlife Conservation. https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/publications/english/An%20Introduction%20to%20Genetic%20Resource%20Banks%20for%20Wildlife%20Conservation_digital%20copy.pdf
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: In development
We are still developing and optimizing this protocol
Created: September 08, 2022
Last Modified: January 12, 2023
Protocol Integer ID: 69755
Keywords: biobanking, cryopreservation, cryobanking, reproductive tissue, gametes, germplasm, testes, ovaries, wildlife specimen collection, living reproductive tissue, collected tissue, manual for biological sample collection, biological sample collection, genetic resource banks for wildlife conservation, mammal, preservation for genetic, wildlife conservation, term cryopreservation, tissue, reproductive, trans ova livestock cloning, preservation, biological, genetic resource bank
Abstract
Version date: January 2023
The following protocol illustrates how to collect and ship living reproductive tissue from a deceased wild or captive mammal for long-term cryopreservation. Collected tissues can either be immediately cryobanked at -196°C or processed for gamete collection and later cryobanked at -196°C.
To print this protocol: Click the arrow to the right of the "MORE" button at the top of this page and select the option to print or download as PDF version.
References:
- Brahmasani, S.R., Sontakke, S., Ghosh, S., Mallapur, G., Yadav, S., Vasudevan, K. (2021). GRB Manual- An Introduction to Genetic Resource Banks for Wildlife Conservation.
- Gaur, A., Umapathy, G., Vasudevan, K., Sontakke, S., Rao, S., Goel, S., Kumar, D., Gupta, B., Singh, D.N., Kumar, A. (2017). Manual for Biological Sample Collection and Preservation for Genetic, Reproductive and Disease Analyses.
- Trans Ova Genetics. (2022). Trans Ova Livestock Cloning. https://transova.com/service/cloning-services/
- ViaGen Pets & Equine. (2021). Emergency Pets Protocol – U.S. Clients. https://www.viagenpets.com/emergency-pets/
- White, C. L., & Dusek, R. J. (2015). Wildlife specimen collection, preservation, and shipment. In J. C. Franson, M. Friend, S. E. J. Gibbs, & M. A. Wild (Eds.), Techniques and Methods. US Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/tm15c4
Guidelines
The collection of samples should be opportunistic and follow all applicable regulations. Reproductive tissues collected from deceased animals should be collected as close to the time of death as possible to avoid tissue decay. Temperature, body condition, and time are factors that accelerate or decelerate tissue decomposition, dictating the chances of collecting living cells.
If the animal dies suddenly or if the animal must be euthanized, the carcass or any tissues must not be frozen. The carcass can be kept in a cool area and reproductive tissues must be dissected immediately and shipped the same day as collection to a biobanking facility.
Testes maximum time after collection before arrival at facility: 24 hours, at 4-15°C
If testicular tissue is warm at time of collection, it should be kept at room temperature during the collection process. If the tissue is cold, it must be kept cold throughout the process to avoid rewarming and recooling. Testicular tissues must be kept at 4°C during shipment.
Ovaries maximum time after collection before arrival at facility: 4 hours, at 15-20°C
Ovaries held at low temperatures (less than 15°C) for more than 24 hours will begin to rapidly degrade the oocytes inside. Ovarian tissue must be kept at 15-20°C during shipment as well.
For any animal carcass found in the wild, time, ambient temperature, and storage methods are critical factors that can impact how quickly a sample must be collected. If the time of death is unknown, tissues can be harvested as long as it has not been frozen, become necrotic, or started decomposing. In such cases, tissues should still be shipped immediately.
Materials
Included in Commercial Sampling Kit:
Sample vials with media
Parafilm
Insulated Tupperware
Vinyl lunch bag
Ice packs
Styrofoam container
Biopsy form
Pre-paid FedEx shipping label
User-supplied Materials:
Sterile scalpel
Disposable gloves
PBS with antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin, Gentamicin)
Battery powered or electric clippers
Gauze
Rubbing alcohol
Disposable tweezers
Sterile scissors (optional)
Field notebook
Pencil/Pen
Newspaper or bubble wrap
Troubleshooting
Safety warnings
Steps for personal safety must be considered before going into the field. Some wildlife diseases are transmissible to humans. Refer to your agency’s health and safety guidelines for personal protective equipment (PPE). At a minimum, field personnel should wear disposable gloves and a fresh pair should be used between handling different specimens to avoid cross contamination. Sampling instruments and equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected or disposed of after use.
Before start
Tissue Handling
Biopsied tissues are stored in vials containing a nutrient-rich media to keep the cells alive and a mixture of antibiotics to prevent bacterial growth. All samples must be collected under aseptic conditions to avoid contamination. Using sterile tweezers, scalpels, and scissors, as well as cleaning the sampling site will decrease the chances of contamination. Collect as many samples as possible.
Cold Storage
Avoiding temperature fluctuations is very important for preserving the tissue samples. Use ice packs for transport of testicular tissues only from the field and ensure refrigeration is available immediately after returning from the field site. Do not use wet ice or other commercial therapeutic packs. Chill ice packs in the freezer the night before collection. Frozen ice packs will remain cold in an insulated container for up to 24 hours. If the field site is more than 24 hours from refrigeration, plan to bring a portable electric refrigerator. Vials containing tissue should not have direct contact with the ice packs. Never freeze tissue biopsies before shipping to a biobanking facility.
Shipping
All samples must be shipped to a biobanking laboratory via overnight express. You must use an insulated container. Ice packs must be used to ship testicular tissues only to maintain a temperature between 4-8°C. Considering that samples may be in queue at the receiving facility for a period of time before they are processed, ship your samples as soon as possible. Shipment Monday through Wednesday will guarantee arrival at the receiving facility before the weekend. Do not ship samples on Friday. Most facilities will not be available to receive shipments on weekends. If samples are collected Thursday through Sunday, samples must be stored in the fridge until Monday. Consult with the receiving biobanking facility for any questions regarding shipping timelines before sending samples.
Preparation
Pre-chill icepacks in the freezer the day before planning to collect and ship samples (testicular tissues only).
Record all information indicated in the biopsy form, including a picture of the animal for identification and GPS location where the animal was found.
Proper protective equipment must be worn (gloves, etc). Sterility must be maintained as much as possible.
Remove the biopsy container from the kit and have them readily available.
Ovary Collection11 steps
The figure below demonstrates tissue decay of a reproductive tract between time of death and removal from the body.
(A) Two hours after death (four-horned antelope). This is an ideal sample for biobanking.;
(B) Thirteen hours after death (gaur). Visible black patches indicate necrotic change (cell death);
(C) Eighteen hours after death (marmoset). Further black discoloration indicates necrotic change.
Photo credit: Brahmasani et al., 2021
Wet the entire sampling area of the carcass in rubbing alcohol and blot with sterile gauze.
With sterile scissors or scalpel, dissect open the pelvic cavity. The reproductive tract will lie under the large intestine/rectum.
Collect the entire reproductive tract, including both ovaries, the uterine body, and oviduct. For larger animals, only collection the ovary pair is needed.
Tissue Preservation
Thoroughly soak gauze in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and antibiotics and gently wrap around the tissue. Ensure that the gauze fully covers the tissue, keeping it moist. Place in sample container and close the cap tightly.
Using an alcohol-resistant marker, label the biopsy vial with an identifier that matches exactly what is indicated on the biopsy form. Check to make sure that each vial is easy to identify with the information provided on the form.
Required information to include on the form:
- Scientific name of animal
- Sex of individual denoted as ♂ (male) or ♀(female)
- Date of tissue collection
- Tissue type
- Any other identification number of individual
Ovarian tissue must be kept at 15-20°C. Do not freeze samples.
**Immediately ship overnight express. Do not wait to ship ovarian tissues. For samples collected on Thursday-Friday, contact receiving facility to arrange off-hour delivery**
Shipping
Place the biopsy vials inside the Tupperware container included in your kit.
Close the lid and place the Tupperware container into the vinyl lunch bag provided in your kit.
Place the vinyl lunch bag into the styrofoam container.
Close the lid to the styrofoam container. Enclose all paperwork to the top, including the Biopsy Form. Close the shipping box and place the prepaid shipping label to the top.
Contact the receiving facility when you have shipped your sample and provide the tracking number so that personnel know when to expect your shipment.