Oct 02, 2025

REDI-NET FV-1 FLYING VECTOR FIELD SAMPLING

DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.5qpvodpd7g4o/v1
REDI-NET FV-1 FLYING VECTOR FIELD SAMPLING
  • 1University of Notre Dame;
  • 2Naval Medical Research Center;
  • 3Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit;
  • 4University of Arkansas;
  • 5Belize Vector and Ecology Center;
  • 6Navy Entomology Center of Excellence;
  • 7University of Florida;
  • 8Mpala Research Center;
  • 9Vectech LLC;
  • 10Center for Research Computing;
  • 11Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History;
  • 12USAMRD-A;
  • 13Navy Health Research Center - Operatioal Infectious Disease
  • Remote Emerging Disease Intelligence - NETwork (REDI-NET)
REDI-NET Consortium
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DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.5qpvodpd7g4o/v1
Protocol Citation: REDI-NET Consortium 2025. REDI-NET FV-1 FLYING VECTOR FIELD SAMPLING . protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.5qpvodpd7g4o/v1
License: This is an open access  protocol  distributed under the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution License,  which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: September 16, 2025
Last Modified: October 02, 2025
Protocol  Integer ID: 227340
Keywords: mosquito, biting midge, sandfly, CO2 trap, gravis trap, insect trap, collecting adult nematoceran fly, adult nematoceran flies from the families culicidae, flying vector field sampling, sand fly, detection of pathogen, families culicidae, pathogen, vector field sampling, zoonotic disease transmission, risk of zoonotic disease transmission, arthropod nucleic acid
Funders Acknowledgements:
USAMRAA
Grant ID: W81XWH-21-C-0001
USAMRAA
Grant ID: W81XWH-22-C-0093
USAMRAA
Grant ID: HT9425-23-C-0059
USAMRAA
Grant ID: HT9425-24-C-0072
Disclaimer
This work is supported by the US Army Medical Research and Development Command under Contract No.W81XWH-21-C-0001, W81XWH-22-C-0093, HT9425-23-C-0059, and HT9425-24-C-0072. The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army or Navy position, policy or decision unless so designated by other documentation.
Abstract
This protocol outline steps for properly collecting adult Nematoceran flies from the families Culicidae (mosquitoes), Ceratopogonidae (biting midges), and Psychodidae (sand flies) from the environment to evaluate the risk of zoonotic disease transmission by the detection of pathogens from arthropod nucleic acid.
Image Attribution
Fig. 1. CDC traps baited with dry ice coolers. In these images, the trap device is hung directly from the bottom of the cooler using a hook or D-ring that has been installed onto the cooler for this purpose.

Fig. 2. If the trap cannot be hung directly from the cooler, the cooler and trap may both be hung from the hook or post. In this instance, ensure that the bottom of the cooler (where the holes for CO2 release are located) is positioned just above the top of the trap.

Fig. 3. An assembled CDC gravid trap. The trap apparatus is mounted onto bars, which allows the trap to balance on top of the trap base.

Fig. 4. An assembled BG Sentinel trap showing the collection funnel in the open position.

Fig. 5. The BG Lure and its correct installation in the lid of the BG Sentinel trap. Additional attractants, including dry ice (CO2) can be placed inside the trap. Odors are pushed out through the perforated lid by the fan.
Guidelines
OBJECTIVE
To outline steps for properly collecting adult Nematoceran flies from the families Culicidae (mosquitoes), Ceratopogonidae (biting midges), and Psychodidae (sand flies) from the environment to evaluate the risk of zoonotic disease transmission by the detection of pathogens from arthropod nucleic acid.

SUMMARY/SCOPE
The overarching aim of the REDI-NET is to develop a collaborative laboratory network between domestic and international partnering institutions to address disease surveillance needs in order to effectively detect, predict and contain potentially emergent zoonosis. This SOP provides guidance on the protocol for choosing the appropriate sampling technique for mosquitoes, biting midges, or sand flies at CONUS/OCONUS sites to evaluate and predict the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.

RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Principal Investigator, Study Coordinator, Entomology Component Lead, Managers
Note
All study procedures must be conducted in compliance with national and local policies for prevention and control of COVID-19 infection.
MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

BEFORE EACH COLLECTION
1. Check that all batteries are charged.
2. Ensure all traps with movable parts are in working condition.
3. Ensure there are no holes or tears in collection bags.
4. Check weather and consider using rain guards to protect samples from rain. Note that these may impede the CO2 flow near the fan intake. Adjust if able.
4.1. Rain guards are available for CDC and BGS traps, but may interfere with CO2 dispersal if dry ice is used.
5. Make sure that dry ice (if applicable) is procured and that gas canisters (if applicable) have enough gas for the collection.

AFTER EACH COLLECTION

1. Charge all batteries.
1.1 Recommend labeling batteries with the date they were last charged.
2. Check all traps for damage and make repairs if able.
3. Procure replacement supplies if unable to repair.
4. Clean equipment as prescribed by the manufacturer.
5. If temperatures are very high, check that glued portions of the traps have not been delaminated.

QUALITY CONTROL

This SOP is reviewed by the applicable supervisor annually or as required in order to maintain its relevance.


Materials
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Note
NOTE: If product number is listed, please ensure use of this or equivalent product.

ABC
Equipment / MaterialDescriptionMfg / Product #
CDC Miniature Light TrapThis version has an incandescent light. Other styles and variations can be used as available and appropriate.John Hock Company/512.MIL/2740-01-106-0091
Collection Bag, Single-ring, fine meshCollection bags for CDC trapsJohn Hock Company/1.42
New Collection Cup, Standard MeshCollection cups for mosquitoesJohn Hock Company/1.44
New Collection Cup, Fine MeshCollection cups for biting midges/sand fliesJohn Hock Company/1.49/3740-01-527-5618
CDC Gravid TrapJohn Hock Company/1712/6545-01-457-5511
Hay infusionAttractant for CDC Gravid TrapsSourced locally
BG-Sentinel 2Biogents (Clarke)
BG Lure Mosquito AttractantAttractant for BG Sentinel TrapsBiogents (Clarke)/BG10503
Biogents Catch BagCollection bag for BG Sentinel TrapsBiogents (Clarke)/BG10060
6-Volt BatteryFor use with CDC Miniature Light Traps and CDC Gravid TrapsJohn Hock Company/2.30/6140-00-432-0490
6-Volt Battery ChargerJohn Hock Company/2.92-6-90-240
12-Volt BatteryFor use with BG Sentinel 2 TrapsJohn Hock Company/2.35
12-Volt Battery ChargerJohn Hock Company/2.70
Insulated Dry-Ice Container (Igloo)Can also be retrofitted from drink coolers or other insulated containers by drilling small holes in the bottom of the container and adding a D-ring or hook for hanging if desiredJohn Hock Company/1.10
CoolerUsed for transport of collections from the field to the laboratorySourced locally
Dry iceAlternative CO2 sources can be used, including compressed gas and yeastSourced locally
Shepherd’s hooksUsed for hanging CDC Miniature Light Traps. Alternative hooks/poles/structures can be used for hanging traps in availableSourced locally
Permanent markersFor labeling collection containers in the fieldSourced locally
Label tapeFor labeling collection containers in the fieldSourced locally
Flagging tapeFor marking the location of traps in the field if the same trapping sites will be used for multiple collection eventsSourced locally
Measuring tapeFor measuring distances between trapsSourced locally
MalletFor driving shepherd’s hooks or other poles for trap hanging into the groundSourced locally
Nylon StringUseful to have on hand for hanging or repairing traps in the fieldSourced locally

Safety warnings
NOTE: The CDC trap is a highly versatile design that can be used in a number of different configurations with different attractants to collect nearly all blood-feeding Nematocerans. UV lights have been shown to be more effective in catching certain types of mosquitoes. We suggest a combination of UV-light and CO2 to collect the greatest diversity of blood-feeding insects.

NOTE: CO2 may not be available at certain sites and/or too expensive, and can be considered optional.

NOTE: Collection cups may have large mesh (for mosquitos), fine mesh (for midges and sand flies), or a solid bottom (for a preservative liquid for midges). Ensure the style matches the intended target organism.

- Liquid collection media can be used for biting midge collections and can help preserve these very small insects compared to dry collections.
- If using liquid media, tap water with a small amount of detergent can be made up in bulk prior to trapping. Insects should be immediately transferred into 90% ethanol after collection if using this method. The use of ethanol for collection is not recommended due to evaporation and cost.

Note that mosquitos will lose identifying features when stored in a liquid medium and this should be avoided.

NOTE: The BGS trap was designed using visual cues that preferentially attract diurnal Aedes species mosquitoes (e.g. Aedes aegypti). When paired with additional attractants (bait lure purchased separately), the BGS can collect other mosquito species and other Nematocerans.

NOTE: CO2 may not be available at certain sites and/or too expensive, and can be considered optional.
Before start
Activities include reading instructions, taking notes, preparing supplies, deploying and retrieving traps, and handling specimens. There may be hazards in the field and having at least two individuals is advisable for safety.
SAMPLING TEAM
Field teams should consist of at least two people.
Activities include reading instructions, taking notes, preparing supplies, deploying and retrieving traps, and handling specimens.
There may be hazards in the field and having at least two individuals is advisable for safety.
TRAP SITE AND TYPE SELECTION
Refer to Appendix 1 to determine which trap type to use for the target organism(s) of interest.
Refer to Appendix 2 to determine when traps should be placed for the target organism(s) of interest.
Refer to Appendices 3-5 to determine ideal trapping locations for the target organism(s) of interest.
Traps should be separated by at least 20 meters so they don’t interfere with one another. Multiple light traps may interfere with one-another, and considerations should be made when deciding where to place these.
It is suggested that at least two traps per trapping location are used.
CDC MINITAURE LIGHT TRAPS

Note
NOTE: The CDC trap is a highly versatile design that can be used in a number of different configurations with different attractants to collect nearly all blood-feeding Nematocerans. UV lights have been shown to be more effective in catching certain types of mosquitoes. We suggest a combination of UV-light and CO2 to collect the greatest diversity of blood-feeding insects.

Note
NOTE: CO2 may not be available at certain sites and/or too expensive, and can be considered optional.

Label the collection cup with a sample code using tape.
Drive a shepherd’s hook into the ground in the location where the trap will be set.
Alternatively, any other type of post with a hook or structure can be used to hang traps.
Keep in mind the expected weight of the trap (particularly if dry ice will be used) when selecting the hanging device.
CDC-style traps should be set in an area with 1-2 meters of vertical space and hung at least 1.5m above the ground.
Prepare the trap assembly: attach the collection bag to the cup (see note below), attach the collection bag to the fan.

Note
NOTE: Collection cups may have large mesh (for mosquitos), fine mesh (for midges and sand flies), or a solid bottom (for a preservative liquid for midges). Ensure the style matches the intended target organism.
  • Liquid collection media can be used for biting midge collections and can help preserve these very small insects compared to dry collections.
  • If using liquid media, tap water with a small amount of detergent can be made up in bulk prior to trapping. Insects should be immediately transferred into 90% ethanol after collection if using this method. The use of ethanol for collection is not recommended due to evaporation and cost.

Bait the trap with CO2 (Appendix 6) (if using). If dry ice is used as the CO2 source, place ~2.5kg dry ice into an insulated drink cooler or other insulated container modified for CO2 dispersal. Pack the top of the cooler with newspaper to insulate the dry ice. The cooler should be hung above the CDC trap. Some coolers have a D-ring on the bottom of the container (or one can be retrofitted), from which the CDC trap can be hung (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. CDC traps baited with dry ice coolers. In these images, the trap device is hung directly from the bottom of the cooler using a hook or D-ring that has been installed onto the cooler for this purpose.
Otherwise, the cooler should be suspended from a height above the opening to the trap (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. If the trap cannot be hung directly from the cooler, the cooler and trap may both be hung from the hook or post. In this instance, ensure that the bottom of the cooler (where the holes for CO2 release are located) is positioned just above the top of the trap.

Attach the power supply (6V battery). Ensure that the power cables are hooked up to the battery correctly (i.e. red/+ to red/+). Otherwise the fan will run backwards and you will not collect any insects.
The CDC trap is a down-draft trap- insects that fly over the top of the trap will be drawn down into the collection bag by the fan.
Ensure all components are functioning and note the start time.
The time of day to deploy traps will vary by target species of interest. If using lights, ensure other light sources are minimal and that the trap’s lights will not interfere with operational activities.
When retrieving traps, remove the collection bag and quickly secure it by pulling the drawstring closed while the fan is running to ensure insects don’t escape. Label the collection bag with a unique identifier and note the collection time.
Samples should be transported live prior to processing and can be placed into a cooler on wet ice (or ice packs) to reduce their activity and prevent escapes during transport.
Knock samples down using CO2 or a freezer before opening the bag.
Samples can be stored in bulk at -80 ºC (preferred) in a properly labeled tube (ex. 50 mL conical tube). If -80 ºC is unavailable, aim to store samples at -20 ºC or in a nucleic acid stabilizing solution (ex. DNA Shield).
Note
Note that mosquitos will lose identifying features when stored in a liquid medium and this should be avoided.

CDC GRAVID TRAPS (optional)

Note
NOTE: CDC gravid traps are designed to specifically target some Culex species mosquitoes (e.g. Culex pipiens/quinquefasciatus), and may not be appropriate for other Nematocerans. These traps also target females that have previously blood-fed and are looking for a place to lay eggs. As a result, pathogen infection rates in these collections may be higher than when using other traps, and host-seeking females will not be collected.

Label the collection cage with a sample code using tape.
Gravid traps are placed directly on the ground.
Gravid traps are baited with hay-infused water. Hay infusion should be prepared at least 5 days ahead of time. Prepare hay infusion by adding 0.5 kg of hay to 114 L of tap water.
Add at least 1 gal/3.8 L to the gravid trap base (use new hay infusion for each collection event).
Attach the fan apparatus to the metal support arms using the provided bolt. Attach the collection cage over the fan apparatus. Place the assembled trap over the top of the trap base (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. An assembled CDC gravid trap. The trap apparatus is mounted onto bars, which allows the trap to balance on top of the trap base.

Attach the power supply (6V battery). Ensure that the power cables are hooked up to the battery correctly (i.e. red/+ to red/+). Otherwise the fan will run backwards and you will not collect any insects.
The gravid trap is an up-draft trap- insects that are attracted to the oviposition media (hay infusion) will be drawn up into the collection bag by the fan.
Ensure all components are functioning and note the start time.
When retrieving traps, remove collection bags and quickly secure them while the fan is running to ensure samples don’t escape. Label the collection bag with a unique identifier and note the collection time.
Samples should be transported live prior to processing and can be placed into a cooler on wet ice (or ice packs) to reduce their activity and prevent escapes during transport.
Knock samples down using CO2 or a freezer before opening the bag.
Samples can be stored in bulk at -80 ºC (preferred) in a properly labeled tube (ex. 50 mL conical tube). If -80 ºC is unavailable, aim to store samples at -20 ºC or in a nucleic acid stabilizing solution (ex. DNA Shield).
Note
Note that mosquitos will lose identifying features when stored in a liquid medium and this should be avoided.

BG SENTINEL (BGS) TRAPS

Note
NOTE: The BGS trap was designed using visual cues that preferentially attract diurnal Aedes species mosquitoes (e.g. Aedes aegypti). When paired with additional attractants (bait lure purchased separately), the BGS can collect other mosquito species and other Nematocerans.

Note
NOTE: CO2 may not be available at certain sites and/or too expensive, and can be considered optional.
Label the trap funnel with a sample code using tape.
BGS traps are placed directly on the ground (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. An assembled BG Sentinel trap showing the collection funnel in the open position.

BGS traps are baited with a commercially produced lure (BG-Lure), which mimics human-odors. When baited with the BG-Lure, the BGS preferentially attracts anthropophilic Aedes spp. (i.e. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). The lure is placed into the small hole in the trap lid and can be reused for up to five months.
BGS traps can be baited with other types of odor lures (e.g. CO2) to increase the diversity of species collected.
If other types of lures are used, they should be placed inside of the trap, as this trap functions by creating an odor plume from drawing air into the trap body and pushing it out of the holes in the perforated trap lid (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. The BG Lure and its correct installation in the lid of the BG Sentinel trap. Additional attractants, including dry ice (CO2) can be placed inside the trap. Odors are pushed out through the perforated lid by the fan.

Attach the catch bag to the funnel with the shutter in the “unlatched” position. Place the funnel/catch bag into the center hole of the trap lid. The weight on the funnel lid should keep it closed until the trap is turned on.
The catch bag provided with the BG trap is sufficient to collect both mosquitoes and the smaller Nematocera, like biting midges and sand flies.
Attach the power supply (12V battery). Ensure that the power cables are hooked up to the battery correctly (i.e. red/+ to red/+). Otherwise the fan will run backwards and you will not collect any insects. When the trap turns on, the fan should cause the funnel lid to open.
This mechanism ensures that even if the battery dies during operation, the funnel lid will close automatically, preventing collected insects from escaping.
The BGS is a down-draft trap- insects that fly over the top of the trap will be drawn down into the collection bag by the fan.
Ensure all components are functioning and note the start time.
When retrieving traps, unplug the power source and close the funnel lid. There is a latch on the funnel lid that can be used to secure it. Tape can also be used to provide additional security for the lid. Label the collection bag with a unique identifier and note the collection time.
Samples should be transported live prior to processing and can be placed into a cooler on wet ice (or ice packs) to reduce their activity and prevent escapes during transport.
Knock samples down using CO2 or a freezer before opening the bag.
Samples can be stored in bulk at -80 ºC (preferred) in a properly labeled tube (ex. 50 mL conical tube). If -80 ºC is unavailable, aim to store samples at -20 ºC or in a nucleic acid stabilizing solution (ex. DNA Shield).

Note
Note that mosquitos will lose identifying features when stored in a liquid medium and this should be avoided.

APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. TRAP TYPE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
Adapted from CDC Document CS 345089-A.


ABC
Trap TypeTarget Organism(s)Notes
BG Sentinel Trap Aedes spp., Culex spp., Biting Midges, Sand FliesCan be used with CO2 and/or other chemical lures
CDC Light Trap Mosquitos, Midges, and Sand FliesThis is the broadest collection method, but lights will attract non-target organisms as well. Different models have different light sources. Incandescent, UV and LED are all available, but will have different efficacy and range of attraction.
CDC CO2 TrapMosquitos, Midges, and Sand FliesCO2 alone will reduce non-target organisms and attract host-seeking females
Gravid Trap Culex spp. Hay water must be prepared ahead of time. Gravid females have already taken blood and are an ideal stage to collect for pathogen surveillance.
Resting Trap Anopheles spp., Culex spp., and Culiseta spp.Can be passive or paired with a fan.
Aspiration anyNon-selective collection from the environment may result in blood-fed females.

APPENDIX 2. ARTHROPOD SAMPLING TIME SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

Many blood-feeding Nematocera have crepuscular or nocturnal host-seeking behavior. For most target species, traps can be set 2 hours prior to sunset and collected 2 hours after sunrise. In areas where Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are target species, traps should be set during the mid-afternoon to accommodate their diurnal activity patterns.
Adapted from AFPMB-TG48.


Genus/GroupBiting Period2Flight RangeAssociated Pathogens3
AedesC, D< 0.5 – 5 miCK, DG, YF, ZV
AnophelesC0.5 – 2 miM, EEE, SLE, VEE, WEE, WNV
CoquillettidiaC1 – 2 miEEE, VEE, WNV
CulexC, N0.5 – 2 miRRV, SLE, WEE, EEE, WNV, VEE
CulisetaC, N0.5 – 2 miEEE, WEE, WNV, CE
MansoniaC, N1 – 5 miVEE
PsorophoraC, N1 – 5 miVEE, WNV
Sand FliesC< 0.5 – 2 miLM, SFF, BA
Biting MidgesC, N< 0.5 – 2 miORV

2D = Day; N = Night; C = Crepuscular (dusk and dawn)
3Italics indicate secondary or suspected vectors; primary if otherwise. BA = Bartonellosis; CE = California group encephalitis; CK = Chikungunya; DG = dengue; EEE = Eastern equine encephalitis; LM = Leishmaniasis; M = malaria; ORV = Oropouche Virus; RRV = Ross River Virus; SFF = Sand Fly Fevers; SLE = St. Louis encephalitis; VEE = Venezuelan equine encephalitis; WEE = Western equine encephalitis; WNV= West Nile Virus ;YF = Yellow fever; ZV= Zika Virus
Note: Many species will shift their activity periods earlier in the day during the winter.

APPENDIX 3. SAND FLY SAMPLING HABITATS
Information is adapted from AFPMB-TG49.

Domestic Sites: abandoned buildings, basements/cellars, cracks in mud floors/walls, soil in dwellings
Peridomestic Sites: animal burrows/housing/shelters, caves, latrines, dikes/embankments, manure, debris, wells
Sylvatic Sites: ant/termite mounds, small animal burrows, drains, hollow trees, leaf litter, nests, large roots, under rocks, caves, soils under trees, soil under overhanging rocks
Work with your command and locals to determine areas with sand fly burdens that would be useful to trap at
APPENDIX 4. MOSQUITO SAMPLING HABITATS
Information is adapted from AFPMB-TG47.

Traps can be placed in a variety of areas but these should be free from direct sunlight and wind. Consider trapping in field locations where people will be working, or where people will be living.
APPENDIX 5. BITING MIDGE SAMPLING HABITATS
Information is adapted from McDermott and Lysyk 2020, Feitoza et al. 2023

Culicoides are primarily collected in close proximity to livestock. Traps can be placed near housed or managed animals on farms.
Pestiferous species or potential vectors of human pathogens can be collected near human domiciles or near wooded areas. For example, C. paraensis (vector of Oropouche virus) can be collected in banana plantations and around trees in villages.
APPENDIX 6. OPTIONS FOR CO2 LURES

Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is a preferred material for CO2 emission but may not be available or feasible for sampling budgets. If using, exercise caution when handling by using cold-proof gloves and implements. Place dry ice into an insulated container (NEVER seal a container containing dry ice) with an outlet that will release gaseous carbon dioxide around the fan’s suction.
Compressed CO2 with an outlet tube reaching the fan’s suction opening is a good option. Always take precautions when transporting compressed gas canisters and operating regulators (prior safety training is highly encouraged). Release rates may vary, but may range from 300 ml/min to 1,000 ml/min.
Brewer’s/baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) can be used to produce CO2 when combined with water and sugar. This may be a low-cost method of CO2 production when other methods are inaccessible. Combine these in a container (such as a 2-liter soda bottle) and direct the outlet towards the intake of the fan trap (using tubing for example).
5 g yeast + 280 g/L sugar water in 300 mL liquid. (Dhanique et al. 2017)
Protocol references
1. REDI-NET Overview Summary
2. REDI-NET SOP DCS (mosquito/biting midge/sand flies)
3. Sand Flies – Significance, Surveillance, and Control in Contingency Operations (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide (TG) No. 49. January 2015.
4. Vector and Pest Surveillance. Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide (TG) No. 48. November 2013 (minor update April 2021).
5. Aedes Mosquito Vector Control. Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide (TG) No. 47. March 2016.
6. E. G. McDermott and T. J. Lysyk. 2020. Sampling Considerations for Adult and Immature Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Insect Science, 20(6): 2; 1-11. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa025
7. John W. Hock Company. Document: instr_1612 UVA-LED Light Trap NM-1612. August 13, 2024. www.johnwhock.com.
8. John W. Hock Company. Document: Instructions_1712 CDC Gravid Trap.doc. April 30, 2013. www.johnwhock.com.
9. “Alternatives to Dry Ice Used in Mosquito Traps for Surveillance.” US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Document: CS 321730-A.
10. “Mosquito Control: Mosquito Trap and Surveillance Tools Guide.” US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Document: CS 345089-A. October 17, 2023.
11. Feitoza LHM, de Carvalho LPC, da Silva LR, Meireles ACA, Rios FGF, Silva GS, de Paulo PFM, Pessoa FAC, de Medeiros JF, Julião GR. 2023. Influence of meteorological and seasonal parameters on the activity of Culicoides paraensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), an annoying anthropophilic biting midge and putative vector of Oropouche virus in Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon. Acta Tropica. 243:106928.
12. Dhanique, DCT, T Mohammed, A Mohammed. 2017. Yeast-generated CO2: a convenient source of carbon dioxide for mosquito trapping using the BG-Sentinel traps. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 7: 896-900.