Oct 12, 2023
Version 3
Modified survival (mS) assay V.3
- 1Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Aquatic Ecology and Evolution
Protocol Citation: Eva Lievens 2023. Modified survival (mS) assay. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.81wgb6knylpk/v3Version created by Eva JP Lievens
Manuscript citation:
Lievens, Agarkova, Dunigan, Van Etten, and Becks (2023) Efficient assays to quantify the life history traits of algal viruses. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. doi.org/10.1128/aem.01659-23
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: December 20, 2022
Last Modified: October 12, 2023
Protocol Integer ID: 74272
Keywords: modified survival assay, mortality rate of chlorovirus, survival assay, life history traits of algal virus, applicable to other lytic virus, classic survival assay, flow cytometry, algal virus, other lytic virus, lytic dsdna virus, decay assay, chlorovirus, decline of infectious virion, inactivation assay, cytometry, specific infectivity, efficient assay, modified survival, infectious virion, virion concentration, environmental microbiology, liquid cultures of host cell, virus, mortality rate
Abstract
This protocol describes a modified survival assay, as presented in the paper "Efficient assays to quantify the life history traits of algal viruses" (Lievens et al. 2023, Applied & Environmental Microbiology, doi.org/10.1128/aem.01659-23). It is designed to quantify the specific infectivity and mortality rate of chloroviruses (large, lytic dsDNA viruses). The protocol should also be applicable to other lytic viruses that are large enough to be counted by flow cytometry. For viruses that are not large enough to be counted by flow cytometry, this protocol could be adjusted to start with different MOIs. It would then measure the mortality rate only.
Compared to a classic survival assay (or decay assay, inactivation assay, ...), this protocol uses predetermined virion concentrations and miniaturization to increase efficiency. Briefly, suspensions containing 50000, 5000, 500, or 50 virions/ml are prepared for each virus, these suspensions are split into aliquots, and independent aliquots are used to do an MPN-like assay after 0, 7, 14, ... days. The MPN-like assay involves distributing a 50000, a 5000, a 500, and a 50 virions/ml aliquot across 16 liquid cultures of host cells (algae) and observing the number of cultures that are lysed. Non-linear statistical models are then used to estimate the initial concentration and decline of infectious virions. See the associated manuscript for a full description and schematic figures, as well as the statistical model.
Materials
For this protocol, we use:
- to store virus samples: 15ml PP centrifuge tubes from Sarstedt (ref. 62.554.502, Sarstedt, DE) - don't interfere with viruses*
- culture plates: 96-well polystyrene tissue culture plates from Techno Plastic Products (ref. TPP92696, Techno Plastic Products, CH) - don't interfere with viruses*, can withstand centrifugation, and let light through in the survival conditions
- deep well plates: 96-well 2.2ml PP deep well plates from VWR (ref. 732-0585, VWR International, USA) or Abgene (ref. AB0932, Thermo Scientific, DE) - don't interfere with viruses*
- transparent seals: PCR plate seals from VWR (ref. 732-3212, VWR International, USA) - very adhesive and let light through in the survival conditions
*We find that in many storage containers, the virion concentration decreases over time (EJPL, unpublished data). This includes many types of PCR plates, eppis, and centrifuge tubes. The effect may be because virions adsorb to certain plastics. Any new storage container should be tested before use!
Also necessary:
- up to 47 virus samples
- an algal culture in a growth phase that can be infected by the viruses
- centrifuge with a rotor for plates
- vortex
- multichannel pipettes
- haemocytometer and microscope, or some other way of counting algae
- Parafilm
Before start
This version is for two virus plates, which corresponds to max. 47 different viruses, and 5 time points (including time point 0). It is assumed that the virion concentration of the virus samples is known (see dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.6qpvr6q93vmk/v1).
Use sterile techniques throughout this protocol. Using materials that don't bind viruses is important; see Materials for more information.
Definitions:
- BBM = modified Bold's Basal Medium, see the associated publication
- survival conditions = the conditions under which survival is being tested (e.g. a specific temperature)
- growth conditions = the conditions that allow algae to grow (e.g. 20°C, constant light, on an orbital shaker)
- culture plates = 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates (see Materials)
- deep well plates = 96-well 2.2ml PP deep well plates (see Materials)
- transparent seal = transparent PCR plate seal (see Materials)
time point 0 - prepare & aliquot suspensions
Mix virus suspensions at 50000, 5000, 500, or 50 virions/ml.
In two deep well plates ("1" and "2"), mix viral suspensions so they have a volume of 1.5ml and 50000, 5000, 500, or 50 virions/ml. Avoid reusing tips for virus pipetting; reusing tips leads to lower accuracy (possibly because viruses bind to the plastic) (EJPL, unpublished data).
Notes: If the virus samples are highly concentrated, it may be necessary to make preparatory dilutions.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | |
| plate | column | row | virus | concentration (virions/ml) | preparatory dilution (1:...) | virus to add (μl) | BBM to add (μl) | |
| 1 | 1 | A | NE-JV4 | 50000 | 1 | 473 | 1027 | |
| 1 | 1 | B | NE-JV4 | 5000 | 1 | 47.3 | 1453 | |
| 1 | 1 | C | NE-JV4 | 500 | 1 | 4.73 | 1495 | |
| 1 | 1 | D | NE-JV4 | 50 | 10 | 4.73 | 1495 | |
| 1 | 1 | F | MA-1E | 50000 | 1 | 18.6 | 1481 | |
| 1 | 1 | G | MA-1E | 5000 | 1 | 1.85 | 1498 | |
| 1 | 1 | H | MA-1E | 500 | 10 | 1.85 | 1498 | |
| 1 | 2 | A | MA-1E | 50 | 100 | 1.85 | 1498 | |
| 1 | 2 | C | PBCV-1 | 50000 | 1 | 1.05 | 1499 | |
| 1 | 2 | D | PBCV-1 | 5000 | 10 | 1.05 | 1499 | |
| 1 | 2 | E | PBCV-1 | 500 | 100 | 1.05 | 1499 | |
| 1 | 2 | F | PBCV-1 | 50 | 1000 | 1.05 | 1499 | |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ||
| 1 | 12 | G | neg. ctrl. | 1500 | ||||
| 1 | 12 | H | neg. ctrl. | 1500 |
Example pipetting scheme for one deep well plate.
Mix the deep well plates by using a 1000μl multichannel pipette to pipette each column up and down 3x.
Prepare the virus plates.
Using a multichannel pipette, aliquot 200μl from deep well plate "1" into five culture plates. These are the virus plates "1". Do the same for deep well plate "2" and the virus plates "2".
Seal all but one of the virus plates "1" and all but one of the virus plates "2" with a transparent seal, and store under the survival conditions.
time point 0 - quantify lysis abilities with an MPN-like assay
Prepare an intermediate algal suspension.
Count the concentration of algal cells in the algal culture using a haemocytometer.
Notes: If necessary, centrifuge the algae for 5min at 4500rpm, gently pour off the supernatant, resuspend the pellet, and count the concentration of algal cells in the pellet.
Using the algal culture and BBM, prepare 590ml of an intermediate algal suspension at 1.05*106 cells/ml.
Background info: This concentration is late exponential phase for our algae; the idea is that the algae are concentrated enough for the viruses to lyse quickly, but aren't yet in stationary phase.
Prepare the MPN plates.
Aliquot 190μl algae into each well of 32 culture plates. These are the MPN plates.
Using a multichannel pipette (ideally a 12-channel multichannel), distribute 10μl from the each row of the remaining virus plate "1" into two MPN plates as shown. Do the same for the remaining virus plate "2". It is possible to use the same tips for all the aliquots of a given row. Label each MPN plate with the virus plate number ("pl1" or "pl2"), virus plate row, and suffix 1 or 2.
Background info: This step makes it clear why the initial concentrations maximize the power of the MPN-like assay:
- 50000 virions/ml concentration = 500 virions in 10μl -> if the initial proportion of infectious virions (the specific infectivity) is 0.001, half of the 16 replicate wells will be virus-positive at time point 0
- 5000 virions/ml concentration = 50 virions in 10μl -> if the initial proportion of infectious virions (the specific infectivity) is 0.01, half of the 16 replicate wells will be virus-positive at time point 0
- 500 virions/ml concentration = 5 virions in 10μl -> if the initial proportion of infectious virions (the specific infectivity) is 0.1, half of the 16 replicate wells will be virus-positive at time point 0
- 50 virions/ml concentration = 0.5 virions in 10μl -> if the initial proportion of infectious virions (the specific infectivity) is 1, half of the 16 replicate wells will be virus-positive at time point 0
Close the MPN plates with their lids, wrap the edges in Parafilm to reduce evaporation, and store them under the growth conditions.
After 4 days, check the algal growth in the MPN plates. This can be done by eye, by measuring optical density at 680nm, etc.
time point 7/14/21/28 -quantify lysis abilities with an MPN-like assay
Collect one virus plate "1" and one virus plate "2" from the survival conditions. Vortex the plates and spin down.
Use these virus plates to repeat steps 3-5.