Sep 06, 2022
Infection of nalidixic-acid treated mice with bioluminescent derivatives of Citrobacter rodentium by oral gavage
- Hannah Read1,
- Siouxsie Wiles1
- 1University of Auckland
- Bioluminescent Superbugs LabTech. support email: [email protected]
Protocol Citation: Hannah Read, Siouxsie Wiles 2022. Infection of nalidixic-acid treated mice with bioluminescent derivatives of Citrobacter rodentium by oral gavage. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.j8nlkwbjxl5r/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: September 05, 2022
Last Modified: September 06, 2022
Protocol Integer ID: 69597
Keywords: Citrobacter rodentium, oral gavage, mouse, mouse infection model, enteropathogen, in vivo, infection dynamics of the evolved icc180 derivative, in vivo evolution of icc180, mice with bioluminescent derivative, citrobacter rodentium, oral gavage citrobacter rodentium, bioluminescent derivative, nalidixic acid, oral infection of mice, enteropathogenic escherichia coli, evolved icc180 derivative, lux operon from photorhabdus luminescen, containing nalidixic acid, biophotonic imaging, laboratory mice, using biophotonic imaging, photorhabdus luminescen, infection dynamic, called icc180, treated mice, infection, icc180, negative bacterium, oral infection, in vivo evolution, vivo, mice, citrobacter rodentium by oral gavage citrobacter rodentium
Funders Acknowledgements:
Health Research Council of New Zealand
Grant ID: 14/810
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a Gram-negative bacterium which infects laboratory mice in a similar way to how enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) infect humans. We routinely use a bioluminescent derivative of C. rodentium called ICC180 which contains the lux operon from Photorhabdus luminescens. This allows us to monitor infection dynamics non-invasively using biophotonic imaging.
We have previously investigated the in vivo evolution of ICC180 through 10 independent transmission chains of 20 mice each. The transmission chains were split into 2 groups, one fed on water and the other fed on water containing nalidixic acid. This protocol describes the oral infection of mice treated with nalidixic acid to assess the infection dynamics of the evolved ICC180 derivatives.
Materials
Microorganism: In vivo evolved derivatives of Citrobacter rodentium ICC180
Growth media and chemicals:
| Item | Catalogue number | Supplier | |
| LB (Lennox) Agar | 240110 | Fort Richard Laboratories | |
| LB (Lennox) Broth | 240230 | Fort Richard Laboratories | |
| Kanamycin | K4000 | Sigma-Aldrich | |
| Nalidixic acid | N4382 | Sigma-Aldrich | |
| Phosphate Buffered Saline tablets | P4417 | Sigma-Aldrich | |
| Isoflurane | MedSource NZ Ltd. |
Plasticware and equipment:
| Item | Catalogue Number | Supplier | |
| Petridishes - 90mm x 14mm | S9001 | medi'Ray NZ | |
| Falcon 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tube | BDAA352070 | In vitro technologies | |
| straight 4 cm Instech stainless steel feeding needle | Harvard Apparatus | ||
| Pipette tips | |||
| Pipettes - various sizes | |||
| 37 degree incubators - shaking and static | |||
| Centrifuge |
Animals and husbandry:
Female 6–7 week old C57BL/6Elite mice from specific-pathogen free (SPF) stocks.
| Item | Supplier | |
| Tecniplast Blue line 1284L cages | Tecniplast Australia Ltd | |
| Grit-ology 1/8” corn cob | Corn-cob-ology, Mt Kuring gai NSW, Australia | |
| EnviroDri | Biological Associates, Gladesville NSW, Australia | |
| mouse house | Tecniplast Australia Ltd | |
| Teklad global 18% protein | Biological Associates, Gladesville NSW, Australia |
We house up to 6 animals in individually HEPA-filtered Tecniplast Blue line 1284L cages with sterile bedding materials (Grit-ology 1/8” corn cob and EnviroDri), a mouse house, and autoclaved cardboard tube for enrichment. We provided the animals with free access to sterile food (Teklad global 18% protein) and water. Conditions in the animal unit are controlled at 20-24°C, 45-65% relative humidity, and a 12-hour dark-light cycle. Lights turn on at 6:30 am and off at 6:30 pm with a 30 min dawn/dusk period starting at 6 am and 6 pm, respectively.
Troubleshooting
Before start
Prior to oral gavage, ensure animals have been weighed and marked in some way so that you can identify individual animals. We weigh animals by placing them in a 1ml pipette tip box placed on a set of scales. We use a marker pen to mark each animal's tail. For example, if there are 5 animals in a cage, we give each animal 1-5 marks. In our experience, a black marker pen stays visible the longest.
Preparation of bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium derivatives
2d 0h 5m
At least two days before needed, revive bacteria from frozen stocks stored at –80°C. Plate onto LB-Lennox media. At this stage, you can grow them with or without kanamycin 50 ug/mL . Incubate Overnight at 37 °C
1d
The day before needed, inoculate 10 mL LB-Lennox (LB) media supplemented with kanamycin in a 50 mL tube. We use several colonies to inoculate to provide a more heterogeneous culture for infection. Incubate Overnight at 37 °C with shaking at 200 rpm .
1d
On the day of infection, centrifuge the culture at 4500 rpm for 00:05:00 and resuspend in 1 mL PBS to give a 10x concentrated inoculum.
5m
To retrospectively calculate the number of bacteria in the inoculum, prepare a 10-fold dilution series of the inoculum in PBS and incubate 3 25 µL drops of each dilution onto LB plates (with or without kanamycin). Incubate overnight at 37 °C and count the colonies.
Addition of nalidixic acid to drinking water
One day prior to gavage, add nalidixic acid to drinking water to give a final concentration of 10 ug/mL . To do this, prepare a 1000 times concentrated stock of nalidixic acid and add at 1 uL/mL. Change the water every 2-3 days, adding fresh nalidixic acid from the concentrated stock each time.
Oral gavage of mice
[Optional] Animals can be lightly anaesthetised using gaseous isoflurane to aid gavage. To do this, place mice into the anaesthetic induction chamber and induce anaesthesia using a flow rate of 1 L/min oxygen combined with 5% isoflurane. Animals are sufficiently anaesthetised once the animals have lost their righting reflex. It is important that animals are not too deeply anaesthetised as their vital functions can be compromised. The respiratory rate of a normal undisturbed mouse is approximately 180 breaths per minute. A slow rate drop of 50% is acceptable during anaesthesia. Breathing should be steady. If the animals’ breathing becomes ‘‘jerky’’, too much anaesthetic is being applied and this will be fatal if maintained for long periods of time. If an animal appears too deeply anaesthetised, immediately turn off the anaesthetic and administer supplemental oxygen.
Prepare the inoculum in a 1 mL syringe and attach a feeding needle.
Using the feeding tube, orally gavage each animal with 200 µL of concentrated inoculum.
This video is a good resource for people who are new to the technique: https://researchanimaltraining.com/articles/oral-gavage-in-the-mouse/.
To minimise the risk of oesophageal trauma and incorrect dosing, it is crucial that the operator is skilled both in the technique and the restraint method used. Inadvertent dosing into the lung may occur, and this usually results in the animal showing immediate signs of respiratory distress. If this is observed, then the animal should be humanely killed using an approved method.
After dosing, return animals to their cage and observe. If done correctly, the animals should resume normal activity within minutes.
Depending on the size of the dose, some animals may not eat for a short period and so may experience some weight loss in the first 24 hours after gavage. If they are active and alert and their fur remains smooth and glossy, this is usually no cause for concern.