Apr 07, 2023

Public workspaceHigh-throughput physiological profiling of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) using flow cytometry V.2

DOI
dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.dm6gpjr2jgzp/v2
  • 1Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, USA
Colin J Anthony
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DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.dm6gpjr2jgzp/v2
Protocol Citation: Colin J Anthony, Colin Lock, Bastian Bentlage 2023. High-throughput physiological profiling of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) using flow cytometry. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.dm6gpjr2jgzp/v2Version created by Colin J Anthony
Manuscript citation:
Anthony CJ, Lock CC, Bentlage B (2022) High-throughput physiological profiling of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) using flow cytometry. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.06.519248
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,  which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working.
Created: March 05, 2023
Last Modified: April 07, 2023
Protocol Integer ID: 78167
Keywords: flow cytometry, autofluorescence, photopigment, photophysiology, dinoflagellate, Symbiodiniaceae, coral, Cnidaria, symbiosis, Symbiodinium, peridinin, chlorophyll, flavin, fluorescence
Funders Acknowledgements:
NSF Guam EPSCoR
Grant ID: OIA-1946352
Abstract
This protocol quantifies light-harvesting complex (LHC) and antioxidant pigments, while simultaneously determining cell density of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates using the Guava Flow Cytometer. Red fluorescence excited by a blue laser represents peridinin, while the red fluorescence excited by the red laser represents both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2 . Additionally, green fluorescence off of the blue excitation laser target antioxidant-associated pigments (diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, beta-carotene, and flavin-based fluorescent proteins). As flow cytometry continues to gain traction as a robust cell counting methodology, the integration and expansion of this protocol into coral or micro-algal workflows will serve as a valuable tool to quantify the physiology of single photosymbiotic cells in-hospite.

Guidelines
We focus on the characterization of Symbiodiniaceae associated with reef-building corals (Scleractinia); however, we have has success using this for upside-down jellyfish (Cassiopea). Therefore, with slight modifications this protocol may be used for flash-frozen and live cells for both calcifying and gelatinous cnidarians.

Each instrument, environment, and organism is different, so it is important to optimize this protocol locally.

Samples are prone to degradation, so it is important to work efficiently and consistently.

It is vital the same equipment is used in the same environment each time to avoid batch effect.

If using in a large multi-factorial project, mixed batches are recommended to avoid batch effect.

This protocol pairs well with cell counting methods, ITS2 metabarcoding, photopigment spectrophotometry, and coral morphometric methods, so we would suggest integrating this into more complex data structures as necessary.

Krediet et al. (2015) was pivotal in providing a framework for developing this protocol.
CITATION
Krediet CJ, DeNofrio JC, Caruso C, Burriesci MS, Cella K, Pringle JR (2015). Rapid, Precise, and Accurate Counts of Symbiodinium Cells Using the Guava Flow Cytometer, and a Comparison to Other Methods.. PloS one.
LINK
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135725

Materials
Preservation
Instruments:
  • Ultra low freezer Temperature-80 °C (TSXSeries powered by V-Drive) *
Equipment:
  • Cryogenic storage Dewar flask(Thermo Scientific Nalgene 4150-2000 All-plastic Dewar flask, 2 L) *
  • Cryogenic storage Liquid Dewar (VWR® CryoPro® Liquid Dewar, L Series, 3.8 L) *
  • Wire cutters **
  • Sample bag (Whirl-Pak® Write-On Bags - 4 oz. - Yellow Tape) **
  • Thermo Scientific screw cap micro tubes
Tether screw cap w O-ring, natural (3466NKS)
1.5 mL screw cap tube, NonKnurl, NonSkirted, Natural (3466NKS)

Chemicals:
  • Liquid nitrogen (LN2)

Sample Prep
Instruments:
  • Precision balance (METTLER TOLEDO PB303-S)
  • Benchtop shaking incubator (222DS)
  • Air Compressor (TC-20T) **
  • Airbrush (TJ-180 ) **
  • Ice maker
  • Weigh boats
  • Bead beater (MiniBeadBeater Plus)
  • Centrifuge (Eppendorf 5425 R)
  • Test tube shaker (Lab Dancer S000)

Equipment:
  • 50 mL falcon tubes **
  • Dissecting forceps **
  • Small cooler (Rubbermaid 2A21)
  • 50 mL tube storage rack (4- Sides plastic Micro Tube Rack)
  • 1.5 mL tube storage rack (80-Place Lab Storage Rack LC537)
  • 10 mL 20G1 latex free syringe with PrecisionGlide needle
  • Thermo Scientific screw cap micro tubes
Tether screw cap w O-ring, natural (3466NKS)
1.5 mL screw cap tube, NonKnurl, NonSkirted, Natural (3466NKS)
  • 96 round bottom microwell plate (Nunc™ 96-Well Polystyrene Round Bottom Microwell Plates 262162)
  • 100-1000 uL pipette (BioPette™ Plus P3942-1000)
  • 20-200 uL pipette (BioPette™ Plus P3942-200)
  • 2-20 uL pipette (BioPette™ Plus P3942-20)
  • 20-200 uL universal pipet tips (VWR® 76322-150)
  • 100-1000 uL universal pipet tips (VWR® 76322-154)

Chemicals:
  • Crushed ice
  • Filtered Seawater (FSW)
  • Deionized water (DI)
  • Lauryl sulfate (SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate) sodium salt (L 4390)

Cytometry
Instruments:
  • Flow cytometer (Luminex Guava easyCyte 6HT-2L)
  • Computer (hp with Intel Core i7 processer)

Equipment:

Chemicals:
  • Deionized water (DI)
  • 100% bleach
  • Guava Instrument Cleaning Fluid (30-00133) (ICF)

Programs:
  • guavaSoft v4.0
Guava Clean v3.4
InCyte v4.0

Post-processing
Instruments:
  • Computer (hp with Intel Core i7 processer)

Programs:
  • guavaSoft v4.0
Guava Clean v3.4
InCyte v4.0
  • R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021)
dplyr v1.0.10 (Wickham et al. 2022)
tidyr v1.2.0 (Wickham and Girlich 2022)
readr v2.1.2 (Wickham et al. 2022)
ggplot2 (Wickham 2016)
ggpubr v0.4.0 (Kassambara 2020)
cowplot v1.1.1 (Wilke 2020)
  • RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020)

* Unnecessary if working with live cells
** For cnidarians with calcium carbonate skeleton
Safety warnings
This method is not particularly dangerous, though we do recommend using a mask to avoid inhaling any foreign particles during airbrushing and using extreme caution when handling cutters, needles, and liquid nitrogen.

Before start
Ensure filtered seawater (FSW) is fresh

Heat SDS solution with benchtop shaking incubator to resuspend salt Shaker180 rpm, 70°C, 00:10:00
  • 50 mL SDS solution = 7 mL FSW + 43 mL DI + 0.04 g SDS

Clean the flow cytometer before and after each use
  • GuavaSoft 4.0 uses Guava Clean 3.4, which walks you through cleaning process
  • Two pre-cleans is helpful and if the machine sat over the weekend, cleaning the capillary is also necessary
  • Throw out waste bottle and make sure other bottle has at least ⅔ ICS

Verify proper instrument calibration and gain settings with easyCheck and CountBright fluorescent beads
  • Once the protocol has been implemented locally, use fluorescent beads to verify that fluorescent readings are consistent. Set up a worklist with bins that show the expected location of each fluorescent bead. This file is used to periodically check cytometry calibration.
  • Periodically before collecting data (every 1-3 months), fill a single well with 1uL of fluorescent beads. Run the cytometer, and while it is running, verify that fluorescent beads are within the expected bin, if not, adjust the gain settings to put fluorescent readings within your predefined gates.
  • Reagents and instructions come with easyCheck kit.

Note
WARNING: If runs are far apart, and not verified for proper calibration with CountBright fluorescent beads, data between runs cannot be compared. Data between multiply cytometry runs MUST be verified for proper calibration with fluorescent beads.


Clean air brush and make sure needle is still present*

Chill centrifuge Centrifigation5000 rcf, 0°C

Fill cooler with ice

Locate samples and label all tubes (50 mL falcon tubes* and 1.5 mL screw top tubes)
Sample Preservation
Sample Preservation
3m
3m
Sample tissue from cnidarian
  • If calcifying coral, we suggest 3 pieces at around 2 cm3 sampled with wire cutters or hammer and chisel
  • If gelatinous cnidarian, 0.05 - 0.1 g of tissue sampled with sterile scissors works well


Note
If desired, cut an additional piece from the sample for DNA extraction.
Protocol
Coral DNA Extraction - Modified DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit
NAME

Coral DNA Extraction - Modified DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit

CREATED BY
Luigi Colin



1m
Store tissue in bag or tube
  • For calcifiers, Whirl-Pak sample bags work well
  • For gelatinous cnidarians, 1.5 mL screw top tubes are more effective (this allows for immediate processing when ready)
1m
Flash-freeze tissue in Cryogenic storage Dewar flask with LN2 Temperature-320 °C
  • Store samples in ultra low freezer Temperature-80 °C for extended preservation


1m
Sample Preparation
Sample Preparation
2h
2h
Before Start:
Ensure filtered seawater (FSW) is fresh (~1 L of filtered seawater is sufficient)

Heat SDS solution with benchtop shaking incubator to resuspend salt Shaker180 rpm, 70°C, 00:10:00
  • 50 mL SDS solution = 7 mL FSW + 43 mL DI + 0.04 g SDS
  • Make sure solution cools to ambient temperature before use

Clean the flow cytometer before and after each use
  • GuavaSoft 4.0 uses Guava Clean 3.4, which walks you through cleaning process
  • Two pre-cleans is helpful and if the machine sat over the weekend, cleaning the capillary is also necessary
  • Throw out waste in waste bottle and make sure other bottle has at least ⅔ ICS

easyCheck may also be necessary if machine has sat for more than a week
  • reagents and instructions come with easyCheck kit

Verify proper instrument calibration and gain settings with CountBright fluorescent beads
  • Once the protocol has been implemented locally, use fluorescent beads to verify that fluorescent readings are consistent. Set up a worklist with preset bins that show the expected location of each fluorescent bead. (This is the same binning process used to bin Symbiodiniaceae cellular populations)
  • Periodically before collecting data (every 1-3 months), fill a single well with 1uL of fluorescent beads. Run the cytometer, and while it is running, verify that the fluorescent beads are within the expected bin, if not, adjust the gain settings.

Clean air brush and make sure needle is still present*

Chill centrifuge Centrifigation5000 rcf, 0°C

Fill cooler with ice

Locate samples and label all tubes (50 mL falcon tubes* and 1.5 mL screw top tubes)
  • For 12 samples, you will need 12 falcon tubes, 12 1.5 mL screw top tubes, and 1 microwell plate
  • Label one falcon tube and one 1.5 mL tube (If desired, add more 1.5 mL tubes as added technical replicates) for each sample being processed
30m
Prepare tissue slurry (calcifying cnidarians only)
Before start:
  • Make sure spray gun compressor is turned on
  • Have somewhere to store skeletal fragments after air-brushing (e.g. small weigh boats)
  • Be prepared to work efficiently as samples degrade quickly once removed from the freezer

1h
Locate samples in ultra-low freezer and remove up to 3 samples at a time
Cut a ~1-2 cm piece from coral fragment (this will vary slightly depending on species)
Use forceps to hold coral fragment just inside the mouth of a 50 mL falcon tube, then use an airbrush loaded with filtered seawater (FSW) to remove all coral tissue from the skeleton making sure to capture the tissue in the falcon tube.
  • Depending on the species, this can take 5-20 mL of FSW
  • Store falcon tube on ice in dim ambient lighting
  • Place the remaining skeleton on a weigh boat (Keep track of it. You will need it to normalize cell densities at the end)
Repeat steps 5.1-5.3 with all samples
  • Move quickly and take no more than 1 hour for all samples combined
Once all samples have been airbrushed, vortex and needle shear each tissue slurry until homogenized
  • Ensure full homogeny of slurry. Allowing any settling or heterogeneity can skew data consistency: There should be no mucus clumps or visible chunks; however, it is normal for small skeletal fragments to settle at the bottom
Once a slurry has been homogenized, transfer 1 mL to a 1.5 mL screw top tube.
Wash tissue slurries to be loaded in flow cytometer
  • If not using a calcifying cnidarian, add Amount1 mL of FSW to gelatinous tissue sample that was stored in a 1.5 mL screw-top tube

Bead beat 1.5 mL tubes Duration00:00:04

4s
Centrifugate samples Centrifigation5000 rcf, 0°C, 00:04:00
4m
Remove 1 mL supernatant using 1000 mL pipette
  • Do not pour supernatant out. Pellets are often loose and liquid does not empty completely
Resuspend pellets via repeated pipetting in Amount1 mL of FSW

Bead beat tubes again Duration00:00:04

4s
Centrifugate samples Centrifigation5000 rcf, 0°C, 00:03:00

3m
Remove Amount1 mL supernatant using pipette
  • Do not pour supernatant out. Pellets are often loose and liquid does not empty completely
  • If you accidentally resuspend a pellet, centrifugate the sample for 30 seconds and try again.

Resuspend pellets via repeated pipetting in Amount1 mL of FSW and set samples to the side

Load the Cytometer
Load the Cytometer
4s
4s
Prepare 96-microwell plate for cytometry
Before start , check for supplies:
  • 50 mL sufficient saltwater-freshwater solution (SFS)
25 mL FSW + 25 mL DI H2O = 50 ml SFS
  • 200 uL pipette tips
  • 200 uL pipette
  • 20 uL pipette
  • Syringe with needle for needle sheering
  • Vortexer
Load wells of microwell plate with Amount180 µL SFS.
  • We describe this protocol with a 10x sample dilution (9 units SFS to 1 unit Sample). This volume of SFS will change as you optimize your dilutions
  • We also do not recommend loading more than half a plate as fluorescent properties change after an extended period within the machine


Note
For us, a 10x dilution works well for a starting cell concentration of 100,000 - 200,000 cells/mL. It is also important to note that fluorescent signatures degrade within the machine, and cell counts become less reliable beyond row 4 (48 wells). Local protocol optimization is recommended, though we have had no issues with this protocol for 4 coral genera (Acropora, Pavona, Pocillopora, and Porites) and 1 jellyfish genus (Cassiopea).


Bead beat Duration00:00:04 a washed tissue sample then immediately load Amount20 µL of tissue homogenate into two wells preloaded with SFS before particulate settles
  • If there are any visible clumps left over from the symbiont pellet, use a combination of needle sheering and vortexing properly homogenize the sample; however, we do not recommend bead beating samples again as this risks lysing the algal cells
  • Do not allow the samples to sit for any period of time in between mixing and loading. Any settling can skew data

4s
Repeat step 7.2 until all samples have been loaded.
  • We typically process 12-24 samples at a time. We do not recommend processing more than 24 samples in one run.
Prepare worklist and set cytometry run settings for Guava Flow Cytometer
Note
This step may be completed alongside or before step 4 to avoid the risk of sample degradation

In guavaSoft v4.0, open InCyte v4.0
Click "Edit Worklist"
Select the wells with loaded samples and click "Acquire Samples".
Set each wells setting to acquire for 180s with a maximum gated cell count of 2500.


Note
The gated cell count is the number of observations per sample that will be quantified within the R1 gate before moving on to the next sample. This R1 gate identifies symbiont cells based on Red off Blue fluorescence and side scatter based on our previous experiments, but this gate may need to be optimized for your symbiont community (See step 13).

Also set each well to have 2 technical replicates and 7 seconds of high energy stirring.
  • This increases replication and prevents settling within the flow cytometer
Name each well
Click "Run Worklist"
Load in appropriate method, settings, and compensation files

Starter Files
Method:
Download Method.gsyMethod.gsy
Settings & Compensation (Same file for both):
Download AcroSettingsCompensation.fcsAcroSettingsCompensation.fcs

Note
Cytometer gain settings may need to be adjusted based on specific model of cytometer or target organism. Gain settings provided in this compensation file worked well for all samples. If gain is adjusted, save into Settings and Compensation file so gain is identical in all runs, which will prevent batch effects.

Click "Acquire"
(If you would like to verify the integrity of your samples before starting the worklist, click "Adjust Settings")
Follow the plate loading prompt
  • Load DI H2O, ICF, and Bleach into the appropriate positions
  • Place plate in the Guava Flow Cytometer in the appropriate orientation, as indicated by the marks in the loading tray
If you clicked "Adjust Settings"
  1. Select the well of interest,
  2. Verify your cells are in the appropriate region [Image Attached]
  3. Once verified, click "Next Step"
  4. click "Resume Worklist"





Acquire samples
  • A 48-well run should take ~Duration05:00:00

Note
It is okay to leave it running at the end of the day, but make sure to pull out the tray and clean machine the next morning

Expected result
Cells of interest should fall in the upper right hand corner of the FSC-HLog to RED-B-HLog. These are your Symbiodiniaceae cells that were counted in the bin and are the source of the physiological signatures we are targeting. (This initial bin is broad, and a dataset-specific bin will be created post-hoc. See Step 13)

Two example plots illustrating a cluster of counted Symbiodiniaceae binned by the R1 gate.


5h
Post-run Processing
Post-run Processing
Export single-cell observations to determine dataset-specific binning threshold
When a run has finished, click the "Analyse" tab inside of InCyte.
In most cases, recent runs will be preloaded in "Analysed Data"; however, if your dataset of interest is missing, you may load your dataset in by clicking the blue folder that says "Open Analysed Group".
  • Raw files are exported as YEAR-MONTH-DAY_at_HOUR-MINUTE-SECONDpm.fcs (e.g. 2022-10-04_01-38-41pm.fcs)
  • Make sure the correct Method is applied to the analyzed data (Starter Method File: Method.gsy)
Highlight all wells of interest
  • Click on one well, then click again and drag your mouse across your desired selection
Right click your highlighted selection and select "Export List Mode Data"
  • Sometimes an error pops up saying that the file name has already been written. Don't worry, your files were successfully exported.
Locate your exported files of interest
  • If combining multiple cytometry runs, we recommend placing all .csvs in the same file.
Open RStudio to determine the dataset-specific symbiont binning threshold

Starter R Script is available here:
Download SetNewBinningThreshold.RSetNewBinningThreshold.R
Example (Reduced Wells) List Mode Dataset:
Download Exp1_2022-09-21_at_11-08-48am.zipExp1_2022-09-21_at_11-08-48am.zip
Note
This can be computationally intensive for your computer, so if unable to complete this step as written, exporting a subset of wells to determine a binning threshold is typically fine. Statistical summaries would then be exported with the new bin, which is much less data-heavy.


Install and load in R Packages:
  • dplyr v1.0.10 (Wickham et al. 2022)
  • tidyr v1.2.0 (Wickham and Girlich 2022)
  • readr v2.1.2 (Wickham et al. 2022)
  • ggplot2 (Wickham 2016)
  • ggpubr v0.4.0 (Kassambara 2020)
  • cowplot v1.1.1 (Wilke 2020)
Import and combine all list mode data
Command
Code written for R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021) in RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020).
(files <- fs::dir_ls("Directory/Exp1_2022-09-21_at_11-08-48am/", glob="*.CSV"))
df <- read_csv(files, id="path")
head(df)


Replace "-" with "." and make our fluorescent signature of interest (red fluorescence off of the blue laser) into a numeric

Command
Code written for R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021) in RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020).
names(df) <- gsub("-", ".", names(df), fixed=TRUE)

df$RED.B.HLog <- as.numeric(df$RED.B.HLog)

Plot the density of observations based on their relative red fluorescent intensity off of the blue laser

Command
Code written for R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021) in RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020).
ggdensity(df, x = "RED.B.HLog", fill = "lightgray", rug = TRUE)+
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1.5, 5))


Determine your dataset-specific binning threshold to separate cells from other particles by identifying where x equals the minimum number of observations

Command
Code written for R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021) in RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020).
DensityX < 4 & DensityX > 2
MinYDensity<- min(DensityY[DensityX < 4 & DensityX > 2])
MinYDensity
#0.003750236
which(DensityY == MinYDensity)
#334
DensityX[334]

#Visualize your threshold here
ggdensity(df, x = "RED.B.HLog", fill = "lightgray", rug = TRUE)+
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1.5, 5))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = density(df$RED.B.HLog)$x[334])

#X Minimum = 3.005898

Expected result
A vertical line should now illustrate your fluorescent threshold.



If desired, remove observations that do not fall within this binning threshold to have dataset, with every fluorescent profile for each fluorescent signature detected
  • Metadata can be applied to this dataset based on file names
Command
Code written for R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021) in RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020).
dfsym <- subset(df, RED.B.HLog>=3.005898)

ggdensity(dfsym, x = "RED.B.HLog", fill = "lightgray", rug = TRUE)+
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1.5, 5))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = density(df$RED.B.HLog)$x[378])

Expected result

Density plot should no longer have any observations below the defined threshold.



Export filtered data to avoid the need for reprocessing
Command
Code written for R v4.1.2 (R Core Team 2021) in RStudio v1.3.1073 (RStudio Team 2020).
write.csv(dat4sym,"IntendedDirectory/SubsetDataset.csv", row.names = FALSE)

Using the threshold determined in step 13.5, manually adjust the bin titled "Symbiont" on the RED-B Fluorescence Histogram in InCyte:Analyse.

Note
Unfortunately there is no way to define a bin with numerical values in InCyte 4.0, so this binning is up to your best estimation. This is why we opt for a broad bin. This is also why it is important to apply the exact same method.gsy file across all analysed groups to avoid creating batch effects.

If using multiple cytometry runs in your research, save your method with the correct "Symbiont" bin. You can apply this method to all analysed .fcs files by clicking and dragging the method to the appropriate file within the InCyte:Analyse interface.


A resized "Symbiont" bin now sits at the estimated threshold for a random well.

Once the appropriate "Symbiont" bin has been applied to a dataset export a Group Stats .csv file


Note
The method file we have supplied in this protocol export the Cell Count, % Observation Included in Bin, Cellular Concentration, RED-B-HLog Mean, RED-B-HLog Median, RED-B-HLog %CV, RED-R-HLog Mean, RED-R-HLog Median, RED-R-HLog %CV, GRN-B-HLog Mean, GRN-B-HLog Median, and GRN-B-HLog %CV. We have identified RED-B, RED-R, and GRN-B fluorescent signatures as peridinin, chl a & c2 (hybridized reading), and flavin respectively.

On the left side of InCyte, click "Show Group Stats"
Click "Setup"
Remove the checkmarks for each empty field
Click "Done"
Click "Export to .csv" and save in desired location
The fluorescence readings are now ready to be used! Label your numbers appropriately, combine with other files, and apply any necessary metadata
Concentration Normalization
Concentration Normalization


To determine the cell density, multiply the number exported (Concentration) in step 15 by your dilution and slurry volume, and then normalize your concentration to a surface area for calcifying Cnidaria (e.g. Koch et al. 2021) or protein content for non-calcifying Cnidaria (e.g. Krediet et al. 2015).


Starting database for cell density calculations:

Download CytometryStarterDataset.xlsxCytometryStarterDataset.xlsx

Example methods to get you started on cell concentration normalization:

CITATION
Koch HR, Wallace B, DeMerlis A, Clark AS, Nowicki RJ (2021). 3D Scanning as a Tool to Measure Growth Rates of Live Coral Microfragments Used for Coral Reef Restoration. Frontiers in Marine Science.
LINK
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623645


CITATION
Conley DD, Hollander ENR (2021). A Non-destructive Method to Create a Time Series of Surface Area for Coral Using 3D Photogrammetry. Frontiers in Marine Science.
LINK
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.660846


CITATION
Krediet CJ, DeNofrio JC, Caruso C, Burriesci MS, Cella K, Pringle JR (2015). Rapid, Precise, and Accurate Counts of Symbiodinium Cells Using the Guava Flow Cytometer, and a Comparison to Other Methods.. PloS one.
LINK
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135725



Citations
Krediet CJ, DeNofrio JC, Caruso C, Burriesci MS, Cella K, Pringle JR. Rapid, Precise, and Accurate Counts of Symbiodinium Cells Using the Guava Flow Cytometer, and a Comparison to Other Methods.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135725
Step 15.7
Koch HR, Wallace B, DeMerlis A, Clark AS, Nowicki RJ. 3D Scanning as a Tool to Measure Growth Rates of Live Coral Microfragments Used for Coral Reef Restoration
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623645
Step 15.7
Conley DD, Hollander ENR. A Non-destructive Method to Create a Time Series of Surface Area for Coral Using 3D Photogrammetry
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.660846
Step 15.7
Krediet CJ, DeNofrio JC, Caruso C, Burriesci MS, Cella K, Pringle JR. Rapid, Precise, and Accurate Counts of Symbiodinium Cells Using the Guava Flow Cytometer, and a Comparison to Other Methods.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135725