Aug 13, 2025
Feeling of Discrimination of Indigenous Students Studying in Dhaka: Their Mental Health Status and Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Risk Factors.
- Dr. Rajan Talukder1,2,3,
- Dr. Borsha Jachinta Soren4,5,
- Dr. Prapti Patricia Hagidok6,7,
- Dr. Golam Dastageer Prince8,7
- 1Medical Officer, HRM, DGHS;
- 2Principal Investigator;
- 3Assistant Surgeon, Panchhari Union Health center, Panchhari;
- 4Assistant Professor, OSD (Additional), Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS);
- 5Original Designation: Assistant Professor (Maternal 026 Child Health);
- 6Assistant Surgeon, Dhubaura Upazila Health Complex;
- 7Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS);
- 8Assistant Surgeon, Raipura Upazila Health Complex
- BSMMU
Protocol Citation: Dr. Rajan Talukder, Dr. Borsha Jachinta Soren, Dr. Prapti Patricia Hagidok, Dr. Golam Dastageer Prince 2025. Feeling of Discrimination of Indigenous Students Studying in Dhaka: Their Mental Health Status and Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Risk Factors.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.81wgbwyeqgpk/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,  which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: In development
We are still developing and optimizing this protocol
Created: August 12, 2025
Last Modified: August 13, 2025
Protocol Integer ID: 224533
Keywords: Discrimination, Indigenous Students, Dhaka, Mental Health, Non-Communicable Disease, NCD Risk Factors, Social 026 Behavioural Science, discrimination of indigenous student, indigenous students in dhaka, risk factors among indigenous student, health outcomes among indigenous student population, perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire, ethnic discrimination questionnaire, indigenous student, indigenous student population, prevalence of discrimination, discrimination experience, perceived discrimination, experiences of discrimination, mental health status, association with mental health outcome, feeling of discrimination, mental health evaluation, mental health outcome, mental health, reducing discrimination, discrimination, universities in dhaka, association with ncd risk factor, dhaka, associations within this population, bangladesh, prevalence, validated questionnaire
Abstract
As the Principal Investigator, I intend to investigate the experiences of discrimination among indigenous students in Dhaka, assessing its association with mental health outcomes and key NCD risk factors. The study falls within BMRCâs priority research areas of Social 26 Behavioural Science, Non-Communicable Diseases, and Mental Health, and is designed to generate evidence to inform interventions aimed at improving equity and well-being among marginalized student populations.
This cross-sectional quantitative study aims to examine the association between perceived discrimination and mental health status, along with non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among indigenous students studying in Dhaka. Data will be collected through structured questionnaires using validated instruments, including the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ) to assess discrimination experiences, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) to measure mental health status, and the WHOâs Generic STEPS Instrument for evaluating NCD risk factors. Statistical analyses will identify the prevalence and strength of associations to inform targeted interventions and policy development.
Abstract for Ethical Review Committee
Project Title:
Feeling of Discrimination of Indigenous Students Studying in Dhaka: Their Mental Health Status and Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Risk Factors
Background:
Indigenous students in Dhaka often face discrimination, which can negatively impact their mental health and contribute to non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. Despite this, limited data exists on these associations within this population.
Objective:
To examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health status, alongside NCD risk factors, among indigenous students studying in Dhaka.
Methods:
This cross-sectional quantitative study will recruit indigenous students from selected universities in Dhaka. Data collection will use validated questionnaires: Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ) to assess discrimination, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) for mental health evaluation, and the WHOâs Generic STEPS Instrument for assessing NCD risk factors. Statistical analyses will explore the prevalence of discrimination, mental health outcomes, and their association with NCD risk factors.
Ethical Considerations:
Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Confidentiality and anonymity will be strictly maintained. Participants will have the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
Significance:
Findings will inform policies and interventions aimed at reducing discrimination and improving health outcomes among indigenous student populations in Bangladesh.
Materials
CHECK LIST FOR SUBMISSION OF PROJECT PROFORMA-01
01. Cover Letter addressing to Director by Principal Investigator.
02. Project Proforma-01
Part-A
Part-B
Part-C
Part-D
Part-E
Part-F
Part-G
Part-H
Part-I
03. Procedure for maintaining confidentiality.
04. One (01) copy of Project Proposal (Master copy) including all mentioned documents and a soft copy in CD to be submitted along with A-4 size Data Bank File/Folder.
Facilities Available:
- Collaboration with indigenous and ethnic minority student associations in Dhaka universities and colleges to facilitate participant recruitment and community engagement.
- Access to universities and colleges in Dhaka city for recruiting indigenous student participants.
- Trained research assistants for data collection and anthropometric measurements.
- Office space and computers with statistical software (SPSS/Stata) for data entry and analysis.
- Standardized equipment for measuring blood pressure, height, and weight.
- Access to validated questionnaires: Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ), DASS-21, and WHO Generic STEPS Instrument.
Additional Facilities Required:
- Funding for transportation and logistics to reach multiple educational institutions.
- Printing and photocopying of questionnaires and consent forms.
- Budget for participant incentives or refreshments (if applicable).
- Support for ethical approval processing fees.
- Additional training sessions for data collectors on cultural sensitivity and ethical conduct.
Budget:
- Principal Investigator (30%): Leading project, 30% time â 120,000 BDT
- Research Assistants (2 Ã 30%): Two assistants at 30% time each â 120,000 BDT
- Data Analyst (10%): Data analysis and management â 30,000 BDT
- Equipment and data collection materials â 50,000 BDT
- Printing questionnaires stationery â 15,000 BDT
- Transport for data collection â 30,000 BDT
- Paper, ink, envelopes â 5,000 BDT
- Software license data entry â 25,000 BDT
- Final report printing â 5,000 BDT
- Transcription translation services â 10,000 BDT
- Administrative Overhead (15%): 67,500 BDT
- Miscellaneous (2.5%): Contingency fund â 12,500 BDT
- Total Estimated Budget: 500,000 BDT
Detailed Budget Table:
| Budget Item | Details | Amount (BDT) |
|----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------|
| 1. Personnel Cost | | |
| - Principal Investigator (30%) | Leading project, 30% time | 120,000 |
| - Research Assistants (2 Ã 30%) | Two assistants at 30% time each | 120,000 |
| - Data Analyst (10%) | Data analysis and management | 30,000 |
| Subtotal Personnel Cost | | 270,000 |
| 2. Field Expenses/Lab Cost | Equipment and data collection materials | 50,000 |
| 3. Supplies and Materials | Printing questionnaires stationery | 15,000 |
| 4. Patient Cost | Not applicable | 0 |
| 5. Travel Cost (Internal) | Transport for data collection | 30,000 |
| 6. Transportation of Goods | Not applicable | 0 |
| 7. Office Stationery | Paper, ink, envelopes | 5,000 |
| 8. Data Processing/Computer Charges| Software license data entry | 25,000 |
| 9. Printing and Reproduction | Final report printing | 5,000 |
| 10. Contractual Services | Transcription translation services | 10,000 |
| 11. Administrative Overhead (15%) | 15% of total project cost | 67,500 |
| 12. Miscellaneous (2.5%) | Contingency fund | 12,500 |
| Total Estimated Budget | | 500,000 |
Check documents being submitted herewith to the BMRC:
- Umbrella proposal
- Proposal Summary
- Abstract for Ethical Review Committee as per attachment (Obligatory)
- Informed consent form for subjects
- Informed consent form for parent or guardian
- Verbal consent form for subjects
- Procedure for maintaining confidentiality
- Questionnaire or interview schedule
*If the final instrument/questionnaire is not completed prior to review, the following information should be included in the abstract:*
1. A description of the areas to be covered in the questionnaire or interview which could be considered either sensitive or which would constitute an invasion of privacy.
2. Examples of the type of specific question to be asked in the sensitive areas.
3. An indication as to whom the questionnaire will be presented to the committee for review.
WHO Generic STEPS Instrument (NCD Risk Assessment) Materials:
- Structured questionnaire covering:
- Tobacco use (smoking and smokeless)
- Alcohol consumption
- Dietary habits (fruit, vegetable, salt, fried food intake)
- Physical activity (moderate and vigorous)
- Physical measurements (weight, height, waist/hip circumference, blood pressure)
- Medical history (hypertension, diabetes, chronic illness medication)
Additional Questionnaire Items (from this page):
- Current use of medication for chronic disease
- Preferred healthcare provider when ill (Registered Medical Doctor, Kabiraj/Traditional Healer, Homeopathic Practitioner, Other)
- Language barrier when seeking treatment in Dhaka
- Sources of health-related information (Facebook, YouTube, Neighbors, Friends, MBBS Doctors, Other Doctors, Others)
- Family history of cardiovascular disease
- Regular physical check-up
Troubleshooting
PART-F: Application for Ethical Clearance - Ethical Checklist
Circle the appropriate answer to each of the following (If not Applicable write NA):
1. Source of Population:
(a) Ill Subjects: Yes / No
(b) Non-ill Subjects: Yes / No
(c) Minors or persons under guardianship: Yes / No
2. Does the study involve:
(a) Physical risks to the subjects: Yes / No
(b) Social Risks: Yes / No
(c) Psychological risks to subjects: Yes / No
(d) Discomfort to subjects: Yes / No
(e) Invasion of the body: Yes / No
(f) Invasion of Privacy: Yes / No
(g) Disclosure of Information damaging to subject or others: Yes / No
3. Does the study involve:
(a) Use of records (hospital, medical, death, birth or other): Yes / No
(b) Use of fetal tissue or abortus: Yes / No
(c) Use of organs or body fluids: Yes / No
4. Are subjects clearly informed about:
(a) Nature and purposes of study: Yes / No
(b) Procedures to be followed including alternatives used: Yes / No
(c) Physical risks: Yes / No
(d) Private questions: Yes / No
(e) Invasion of the Body: Yes / No
(f) Benefits to be derived: Yes / No
(g) Right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from study: Yes / No
(h) Confidential handling of data: Yes / No
(i) Compensation where there are risks or loss of working time or privacy is involved in any particular procedure: Yes / No
5. Will signed consent form/verbal consent be required:
(a) From Subjects: Yes / No
(b) From parent or guardian (if subjects are minors): Yes / No
6. Will precautions be taken to protect anonymity of subjects: Yes / No
Check documents being submitted herewith to the BMRC:
- Umbrella proposal
- Proposal Summary
- Abstract for Ethical Review Committee as per attachment (Obligatory)
- Informed consent form for subjects
- Informed consent form for parent or guardian
- Verbal consent form for subjects
- Procedure for maintaining confidentiality
- Questionnaire or interview schedule*
*If the final instrument/questionnaire is not completed prior to review, the following information should be included in the abstract.*
1. A description of the areas to be covered in the questionnaire or interview which could be considered either sensitive or which would constitute an invasion of privacy.
2. Examples of the type of specific question to be asked in the sensitive areas.
3. An indication as to whom the questionnaire will be presented to the committee for review.
We agree to obtain approval of the National Research Ethics Committee for any changes involving the rights and welfare of subjects or any changes of the Methodology before making any such changes.
PART-G Write an Abstract for National Research Ethics Committee (NREC)
1. Subject Population and Rationale:
This study will include indigenous students studying in selected universities in Dhaka. Indigenous students are a vulnerable group who may face social discrimination and mental health challenges. The rationale for focusing on this population is to better understand how perceived discrimination impacts their mental well-being and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. All participants will be adults (aged 18 years and above), ensuring their capacity to provide voluntary informed consent.
2. Potential Risks:
Potential risks include psychological discomfort arising from sensitive questions on discrimination and mental health. Social risks may include breach of confidentiality leading to stigma. Physical risks are minimal as the study involves questionnaire-based data collection only. Alternative methods such as anonymous surveys were considered but direct interviews and validated questionnaires are necessary to obtain reliable data.
3. Risk Minimization Procedures:
To minimize risks, interviews will be conducted in private settings to protect confidentiality. Trained researchers will administer questionnaires sensitively. Participants can skip questions or withdraw at any time without penalty.
4. Confidentiality and Anonymity:
All data will be anonymized and coded to protect participant identity. Data storage will be secure with access limited to authorized personnel only. Published findings will not contain identifiable information.
5. Consent Procedures:
Signed informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to data collection in a private setting on university premises or other agreed locations. Participants will receive clear information on study aims, procedures, potential risks, and their rights. No minors are involved; hence parental consent is not required.
(a) Verbal consent is not planned, as written consent is feasible and preferred.
(b) No information will be withheld from participants.
(c) Participation is voluntary; no compensation will be provided, but the study may benefit participants indirectly through advocacy for improved policies.
6. Interview Procedures:
Interviews/questionnaires will take place in a quiet, private room within university campuses or a mutually convenient location. Each session will last approximately 30â45 minutes.
7. Potential Benefits:
Participants may benefit from increased awareness of their mental health and discrimination issues. The broader society will benefit from evidence-based recommendations to reduce health inequalities among indigenous populations. Benefits are expected to outweigh minimal risks.
8-11. Experimental Drugs:
Not applicable.
12. Use of Records or Biological Samples:
No use of medical records, biological samples, or tissues is planned.
PART-H INFORMED CONSENT FORM
Title of the Study:
Feeling of Discrimination of Indigenous Students Studying in Dhaka: Their Mental Health Status and Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Risk Factors
Interviewerâs Details:
Name: _______________________
Designation:
Contact: _____________________
Purpose of the Study / āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯:
You are invited to participate in a research study that aims to understand how discrimination affects the mental health and risk of chronic diseases among indigenous students studying in Dhaka.
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Participation / āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ:
Your participation will involve answering a structured questionnaire about your experiences of discrimination, mental health status, and health-related behaviors.
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Duration and Procedures / āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ:
The interview will take approximately 30 to 45 minutes and will be conducted in a private setting for your comfort and confidentiality.
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Potential Benefits / āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĢāĻ˛:
Though you may not directly benefit from this study, your participation will help develop policies to improve health and social well-being for indigenous students.
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Use of Samples / āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°:
No biological samples (blood, urine, saliva, tissue) will be collected in this study.
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Risks, Hazards and Discomforts / āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž:
There is minimal risk. Some questions may cause discomfort as they relate to sensitive personal experiences. You may choose to skip any question or stop participation at any time.
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Reimbursements / āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ:
No financial compensation or reimbursement will be provided for participation.
āĻ
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Confidentiality / āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž:
All your information will be kept confidential and used only for research purposes. Your identity will not be disclosed in any reports or publications.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Right to Withdraw / āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°:
Your participation is voluntary. You have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any penalty or loss of benefits.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ
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āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Participant Details / āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ:
Name of Participant / āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ: _______________________
Signature / Thumbprint / āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ° / āĻ
āĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋ: _______________________
Date / āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ:
Witness Details / āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ:
Name of Witness / āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ: _______________________
Signature of Witness / āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ°: _______________________
Date / āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ:
Interviewer Details / āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ:
Name of Interviewer / āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ: _______________________
Signature of Interviewer / āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ°: _______________________
Date / āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ:
Contact for Queries / āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯: For any questions or concerns about the study or your rights, please contact: (āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:)
Dr. Rajan Talukder
Email: [email protected] Phone: +8801554317886
Contact for Queries / āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯: For any questions or concerns about the study or your rights, please contact:(āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:)
Dr. Rajan Talukder
Email: [email protected] Phone: +8801554317886
PART-I āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° (Questionnaire)
Section A: Socio-demographic Information
1. āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ (Name):
2. āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ (Age in years):
3. āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ (Gender): āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ (Male)/ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž (Female)/ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ (Other)
4. āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ (Indigenous Group):
5. āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇ (Year of Study): _______________
6. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ (Name of Institution):
7. āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ (Type of Residence in Dhaka):
āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ (Hostel)
āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž (Rented House)
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ (Family House)
āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ (Other): _______________
Section B: Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ)
*Instructions for answering the following questions: For each question, please answer using the following scale: āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ (Never), āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻž (Rarely), āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ (Sometimes), āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ (Often), āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž (Always)*
Economic Discrimination
1. Have you ever been treated unfairly in getting a job because of your ethnic background?
2. Have you ever been denied a promotion at work due to your ethnicity?
3. Have you been treated unfairly when trying to rent or buy a home because of your ethnic group?
4. Have you ever experienced discrimination in financial matters (e.g., loans, credit) due to your ethnicity?
Social Discrimination
5. Have you ever been excluded from social activities because of your ethnic background?
6. Have you been treated with less respect than others because of your ethnicity?
7. Have people acted as if they were afraid of you because of your ethnic group?
8. Have you experienced discrimination when seeking medical care because of your ethnicity?
Responsiveness / Distance
9. Have people avoided interacting with you because of your ethnicity?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§?
10. Have you been ignored or avoided in social or professional settings due to your ethnic background?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§?
11. Have others acted cold or distant toward you because of your ethnicity?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§?
12. Have you experienced being treated as if you donât belong due to your ethnicity?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨?
Harassment
13. Have you been called names or insulted because of your ethnicity?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§?
14. Have you been threatened or harassed due to your ethnic background?
āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§?
15. Have you been physically attacked or assaulted because of your ethnicity?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨?
16. Have you been subjected to ethnic slurs or offensive jokes?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨?
17. Have you been treated unfairly by law enforcement or other authorities because of your ethnicity?
āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨?
Section C: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻž (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale - DASS-21)
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§:
0 = āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¨āĻž (Did not apply to me at all)
1 = āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ (Applied to me to some degree or some of the time)
2 = āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ (Applied to me to a considerable degree or a good part of time)
3 = āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž (Applied to me very much or most of the time)
Depression (āĻĄāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨)
1. I felt down-hearted and blue.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
2. I was unable to experience any positive feeling at all.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
3. I felt that I had nothing to look forward to.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻļāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
4. I felt I was using a lot of nervous energy.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤
5. I felt sad and miserable.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
6. I felt that life was meaningless.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻšā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
7. I couldnât seem to experience any joy or pleasure.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Anxiety (āĻ
ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ/āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ)
8. I was aware of dryness of my mouth.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
9. I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g., excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion).
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ (āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž)āĨ¤
10. I experienced trembling (e.g., in the hands).
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ (āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻž)āĨ¤
11. I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
12. I felt I was close to panic.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤
13. I felt scared without any good reason.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
14. I felt nervous and restless.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Stress (āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸)
15. I found it hard to wind down.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
16. I tended to over-react to situations.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
17. I felt that I was rather touchy.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĨ¤
18. I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g., sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat).
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ (āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž)āĨ¤
19. I felt scared without any good reason.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
20. I felt irritated.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
21. I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Section D: Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Risk Assessment â WHO Generic STEPS Instrument
Step 1: Behavioral Risk Factors (āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§)
1. Tobacco Use (āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¨)
1.1 Do you currently smoke any tobacco products (cigarettes, bidi, pipe, shisha etc.)?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¯ (āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻĒ, āĻļā§āĻļāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
1.2 If yes, how many cigarettes/bidi do you smoke per day?
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
1.3 Do you currently use smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff)?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¯ (āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
1.4 If yes, how frequently do you use smokeless tobacco?
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
times per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
2. Alcohol Consumption (āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨)
2.1 Have you consumed any alcoholic drink in the past 30 days?
āĻāĻ¤ ā§Šā§Ļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
2.2 If yes, how many standard drinks do you consume on a typical day?
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻŽāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨? (āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ = ā§§ā§Ē āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛)
drinks per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
3. Dietary Habits (āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸)
3.1 How many servings of fruits do you eat on a typical day?
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ¨?
servings per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
3.2 How many servings of vegetables do you eat on a typical day?
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨?
servings per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
3.3 Do you add salt to your food before eating?
āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖ āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
3.4 How often do you consume fried food?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨?
â Daily (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨) â Weekly (āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°) â Occasionally (āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§) â Never (āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻž)
4. Physical Activity (āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ)
4.1 During a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity activities like brisk walking, cleaning, gardening?
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ (āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻž, āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ)?
days per week (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻš)
4.2 On those days, how much time do you spend doing these activities?
āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
minutes per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
4.3 During a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity activities like heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, or fast cycling?
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ (āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻž, āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨, āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ)?
days per week (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻš)
4.4 On those days, how much time do you spend doing these activities?
āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
minutes per day (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨)
Step 2: Physical Measurements (āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ)
âĸ Weight (āĻāĻāĻ¨): kg
âĸ Height (āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž): cm
âĸ Waist circumference (āĻā§āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ): cm
âĸ Hip circumference (āĻā§āĻŽāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ): cm
âĸ Blood Pressure (āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻĒ):
â Systolic (āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ): mmHg
â Diastolic (āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ): mmHg
Step 3: Medical History (āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸)
âĸ Have you ever been diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure)?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
âĸ Have you ever been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
âĸ Are you currently on any medication for chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, etc.)?
âĸ Which type of healthcare provider do you prefer when ill?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨?
â Registered Medical Doctor (āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°)
â Kabiraj/Traditional Healer (āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻ/āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§)
â Homeopathic Practitioner (āĻšā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĨāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻ)
â Other (āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯):
Step 4: Language Barrier and Health Information Source (āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¸)
âĸ Do you face any language problems when seeking treatment at healthcare centers in Dhaka?
āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¨?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
âĸ Where do you usually get your health-related information from? (You can select multiple)
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨? (āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨)
â Facebook (āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ)
â YouTube (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦ)
â Neighbors (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§)
â Friends (āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§)
â MBBS Doctors (āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°)
â Other Doctors (āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻ)
â Others (āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯):
Optional: Family History and Check-up
âĸ Do you have a family history of cardiovascular disease?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
âĸ Do you undergo any regular physical check-up?
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨?
â Yes (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ) â No (āĻ¨āĻž)
Note: All information provided will be kept confidential and used only for research purposes. Participants have the right to withdraw at any time without any consequences.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ
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Protocol references
1. Prehypertension and Hypertension among the Medical Students of Public Medical Colleges in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI: 10.3329/bsmmuj.v17i2.71379
2. Risk Factors of Childhood Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Compared to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: A Hospital-based Study
DOI: 10.1097/PMR.0000000000001364
3. Duration of Workplace Noise Exposure and Blood Pressure among Rural Adult Weavers
DOI: 10.1101/2025.05.23.25328248v1
REFERENCES: Vancouver style to be followed
Note: All citations should be referenced in the reference section/bibliography.
Acknowledgements
Sponsoring/Collaborating Agencies: None/ BANGLADESH MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Total Cost: 500,000 BDT (Five Lakh Taka)
Other Support for Proposed Research: No other support or applications for funding from other organizations.
Date of Submission: 17-08-2025
Endorsement of the Institute Head required.
Objectives:
General Objective:
- To examine the association between perceived discrimination and the mental health status and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among indigenous students studying in Dhaka.
Specific Objectives:
- To measure the prevalence of perceived ethnic discrimination among indigenous students in Dhaka using the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ).
- To assess the mental health status (depression, anxiety, and stress) of indigenous students using the DASS-21 scale.
- To evaluate the prevalence of key NCD risk factors (e.g., tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, blood pressure, BMI) using the WHO Generic STEPS Instrument.
- To analyze the association between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes among indigenous students.
- To determine the relationship between perceived discrimination and NCD risk factors in the study population.
Research Question:
Is there a significant association between perceived discrimination and mental health status as well as NCD risk factors among indigenous students studying in Dhaka?
Hypothesis:
Perceived discrimination is positively associated with poorer mental health outcomes and higher prevalence of NCD risk factors among indigenous students.
Rationale:
Indigenous populations in Bangladesh, particularly students migrating to urban centers like Dhaka, face unique challenges related to rapid urbanization. Urban environments often expose indigenous students to social exclusion, discrimination, and stressors that can undermine their mental and physical health. Coping with these pressures is further complicated by limited social support and cultural disconnection in the city. Addressing the health and well-being of indigenous students aligns directly with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). By focusing on mental health and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among this vulnerable group, the study supports efforts to reduce health disparities and promote inclusive, equitable education. Moreover, urbanization poses both opportunities and challenges: while it may improve access to education and healthcare, it can also increase exposure to discrimination and lifestyle-related health risks. Understanding how indigenous students cope with urban stressors and discrimination is critical to designing interventions that enhance resilience and reduce health risks. This study will fill an important gap in knowledge by quantifying the impact of perceived discrimination on mental health and NCD risk factors within the context of urbanization and SDGs. The findings will provide actionable insights for policymakers and health planners committed to inclusive urban health development and indigenous rights.
Methodology:
Study Design:
A cross-sectional quantitative study.
Study Population:
Indigenous students currently enrolled in universities and colleges located in Dhaka city.
Sampling:
A stratified random sampling technique will be used to select participants from different institutions to ensure representativeness of various indigenous groups.
Sample Size:
Sample size will be calculated based on the prevalence of perceived discrimination reported in similar studies, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. Assuming an estimated prevalence of 30%, the minimum sample size is calculated as [provide formula and calculated value].
Variables:
- Independent Variable: Perceived discrimination (measured by Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire - PEDQ).
- Dependent Variables:
- Mental health status (Depression, Anxiety, Stress measured by DASS-21).
- Non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors (tobacco use, alcohol use, physical activity, diet, BMI, blood pressure) measured by WHO Generic STEPS Instrument.
Data Collection Procedures:
Structured questionnaires incorporating PEDQ, DASS-21, and the WHO STEPS instrument will be administered face-to-face by trained research assistants. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, blood pressure) will be taken using standardized protocols.
Pretesting:
The questionnaire will be pretested on a small sample (approximately 5% of the total sample size) to ensure clarity, cultural appropriateness, and validity.
Data Analysis:
Data will be entered and analyzed using statistical software (e.g., SPSS or Stata). Descriptive statistics will summarize the demographic
characteristics and prevalence of perceived discrimination, mental health status, and NCD risk factors.
Analytical statistics will include:
- Correlation analysis to examine relationships between perceived discrimination and health outcomes.
- Regression analysis to identify predictors of mental health issues and NCD risk factors.
- Significance testing at p c 0.05 level.
Impact of Research:
This study will generate important data on the health effects of perceived discrimination among indigenous students, a marginalized group often overlooked in health research. By identifying links between discrimination, mental health challenges, and non-communicable disease risk factors, the findings will inform targeted public health strategies and policies to reduce health disparities. Incorporating these insights into national health programs will help promote mental well-being and prevent NCDs in vulnerable populations, contributing to Bangladeshâs overall health development goals. The research aligns with the countryâs commitment to equitable healthcare and supports progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in reducing inequalities and enhancing inclusive education and health services.
Approval of the Head of the Department/Institute:
This research proposal has been reviewed and approved by the Head of the Department/Institute. The necessary support and resources will be provided to facilitate the successful completion of the study.
Signature:
Name:
Designation:
Date:
Flow Chart (Describe sequence of tasks within time frame):
| Activity | Month 1 | Month 2 | Month 3 | Month 4 | Month 5 | Month 6 |
|---------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|
| Preparation and Literature Review | â | | | | | |
| Development of Tools 026 Questionnaire | â | | | | | |
| Ethical Approval Process | â | â | | | | |
| Training of Data Collectors | | â | | | | |
| Pretesting of Questionnaire | | â | | | | |
| Data Collection | | | â | â | | |
| Data Entry and Cleaning | | | | â | | |
| Data Analysis | | | | | â | |
| Report Writing and Dissemination | | | | | | â |