Jun 16, 2023

Enzymatic fragmentation of plant chromatin for Hi-C libraries V.1

DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.j8nlk4pnxg5r/v1
Enzymatic fragmentation of plant chromatin for Hi-C libraries
  • 1Plant and Food Research
  • Protist Research to Optimize Tools in Genetics (PROT-G)
  • High molecular weight DNA extraction from all kingdoms
Elena Hilario
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DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.j8nlk4pnxg5r/v1
Protocol Citation: ignacio.carvajal , Elena Hilario 2023. Enzymatic fragmentation of plant chromatin for Hi-C libraries. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.j8nlk4pnxg5r/v1
License: This is an open access  protocol  distributed under the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution License,  which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: August 06, 2021
Last Modified: June 16, 2023
Protocol  Integer ID: 52149
Keywords: chromatin conformation capture, Hi-C, DNase I, nuclei, plant, restriction enzyme, enzymatic fragmentation of plant chromatin, plant chromatin sample, plant chromatin, chromatin sample, enzymatic fragmentation, sample ready for ngs library preparation, ngs library preparation, several quality checks along the process
Abstract
The aim of this protocol is to learn how to prepare, evaluate and optimize a plant chromatin sample to produce a proximity ligated sample ready for NGS library preparation. We introduce several quality checks along the process to avoid wasting precious material or time working with a suboptimal sample (quality and quantity-wise).

Image Attribution
New Plymouth Coastal Walkway, Taranaki, New Zealand (Elena Hilario, 2021)
Guidelines
Every sample brings a different challenge and no chromatin protocol is universal. It is recommended to practice with a less precious sample before attempting the preparation of the final Hi-C library. There are a few commercial kits available to prepare Hi-C libraries and perform well under most circumstances, especially since often they have good technical support to help you along the way. This protocol describes an in vitro enzymatic fragmentation of plant chromatin and aims to help understand the importance of QC steps along the process.

Ideally, the chromatin fragmentation should be random, using DNase I, but in practice, this approach can take some time to optimize and if your sample size is limited you may consider using a 4-base restriction enzyme, selected based on the genome's GC content. Or you could also use a mix of two or more 4-base restriction enzymes to target as many sites as possible, either by having a different restriction site or a different methylation sensitivity. Although it is easier to control a restriction enzyme digestion, beware that the genome coverage is reduced, compared to a randomly fragmented chromatin sample. We strongly recommend to perform digestion tests on nuclear gDNA preps with several restriction enzymes until you find a combination that will produce an even digestion profile.

Using a biotinylated bridge to mark the contact ends adds extra steps and some assurance that the contacts detected are real, but you could also omit this step and fill in the 5'-end overhangs with biotinylated dNTPs. Beware the length of the carbon chains that links the biotin to the nucleotide (the standard is 6 carbon atoms, used in this protocol) has an impact on how well it will bind to the streptavidin molecule. The longer the carbon chain, the more efficient the binding.

If you have trouble isolating a clean nuclei pellet, you could purify it with a Percoll gradient, as described here. The wash volumes of the chromatin bound to magnetic beads can be increased if the sample is hard to clean, or extra washes can be implemented too. The lysis buffer volume can also be increased to reduce the amount of contaminants even before starting the chromatin washes.
Materials
~ 3 g of leaves ground with liquid nitrogen used immediately or previously ground and stored in a 50 mL Falcon tube at -80°C

Sorbitol Wash Buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.35 M Sorbitol, 5 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 1 % (w/v) Polyvinylpyrrolidone Molecular wt. 40,000 (PVPK40). Autoclave and store at 4°C, it will last for at least 6 months. Add β-mercaptoethanol (1 % v/v) before the extraction

NEB complete buffer: 0.5 M Mannitol, 10 mM PIPES-KOH pH 6, 10 mM MgCl2 6H2O, 2% PVP K40, 200 mM L-lysine monohydrochloride, 6 mM EGTA. Add Triton X-100 (final concentration 0.5% v/v), sodium bisulfite (final concentration 18 mM) and β-mercaptoethanol (final concentration 0.04% v/v) just before use

NEB-βME: 0.5 M Mannitol, 10 mM PIPES-KOH pH 6, 10 mM MgCl2 6H2O, 2% PVP K40, 200 mM L-lysine monohydrochloride, 6 mM EGTA. Add sodium bisulfite (final concentration 18 mM) just before use

1X PBS buffer, sterile. 50 mL

10X Wash Buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1 M NaCl, sterile. Add Tween 20 to a final concentration of 0.5% after autoclaving and store at 4°C

1X Wash Buffer: Prepare at least 50 mL by diluting the 10X stock with sterile deionized water and store at 4ºC

Quenching Solution: 1X Wash Buffer

FA buffer 50 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.5, 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 8, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS. Prepare the buffer without the detergents, autoclave, and when cooled to room temperature, add the detergents. Store at 4°C, in the dark

1X CutSmart 1% SDS: Prepare 1 mL with sterile deionized water

100X TE pH 7.5: 1 M Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM EDTA, autoclave and keep at room temperature

80% ethanol, freshly prepared, 10 mL

Deionized sterile water (ddH2O)

TE Buffer: Dilute 100X TE pH 7.5 1:100 with sterile deionized sterile water in a 50 mL sterile Falcon tube

10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, sterile

0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0, sterile

5 M NaCl, sterile

DBBB: 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 20% PEG 8000, 2.5 M NaCl, 0.025% Tween 20. Prepare this solution from sterile stocks and store at 4ºC

1% agarose gel and 1XTAE buffer

Bridge adaptor,: Biotinylated bridge adaptor (+) (5’ /5Phos/GCTGAGGGA/iBiotin-dT/C) and Bridge adaptor (-) (5'/ 5Phos/CCTCAGCT). The biotin hapten is connected to the oligonucleotide by a 6-carbon atom chain.

HEPES Sodium saltMerck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #H7006
Triton X-100Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #T8787-50ML
Sodium deoxycholateCatalog #D6750
Tween 20Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #P9416-50ML
Agencourt AMPure XPBeckman CoulterCatalog #A63880
DNase I, RNase freeThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #EN0525 supplied with MnCl2
NEB 10X CutSmart BufferNew England BiolabsCatalog #B7204S
SDS, 10% SolutionLife TechnologiesCatalog #AM9822
Proteinase K (2 ml)QiagenCatalog #19131 20 mg/mL
RNase AQiagenCatalog #19101 100 mg/mL
Qubit® dsDNA HS Assay KitThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #Q32854
HS Genomic DNA Assay 75 - 20000 bpAgilent TechnologiesCatalog #DNF-488-0500
HS NGS Fragment Assay 1-6000 bp 500 reactionsAgilent TechnologiesCatalog #DNF-474-0500
1 Kb Plus DNA LadderInvitrogen - Thermo FisherCatalog #10787018
Lambda DNAThermo FisherCatalog #SD0011
SYBR SAFE DNA stainInvitrogen - Thermo FisherCatalog #S33102
NEBNext Ultra II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module - 24 rxnsNew England BiolabsCatalog #E7546S
NEBNext FFPE DNA Repair Mix - 24 rxnsNew England BiolabsCatalog #M6630S
T4 DNA Ligase, LC (1 U/µL)Thermo FisherCatalog #EL0016
NEBNext® Multiplex Oligos for Illumina® (Index Primers Set 3)New England BiolabsCatalog #E7710L
NEBNext Ultra II Q5 Master Mix - 250 rxnsNew England BiolabsCatalog #M0544L
Dynabeads™ M-270 StreptavidinThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #65305
Polyethyleneglycol 8000 50% w/vJena BioscienceCatalog #CSS-256


Equipment

Bench top centrifuge with swing bucket rotor, refrigerated
Fume hood
Disposable 1 µL inoculation loops, sterile
Ice bucket
Orbital shaker
Miracloth square (10 x 10 cm) with small funnel
50 mL Falcon tubes, sterile with rack
100 and 40 µm cell strainers
Dounce homogenizer with B pestle, 7 mL size
1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes, screw capped tubes and microcentrifuge
0.2 mL PCR tubes
Magnet for 1.5 mL tubes
0.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes compatible with Qubit fluorimeter
FA-WASTE container, β-ME-WASTE container and MnCl2-WASTE container
1 mL Wide Bore tips
200 µL Wide Bore tips
Mini gel box and powerpack
Water bath
Timer

Equipment
ThermoMixer® C
NAME
Eppendorf
BRAND
Catalog No. 2231000680
SKU
https://online-shop.eppendorf.us/US-en/Temperature-Control-and-Mixing-44518/Instruments-44519/Eppendorf-ThermoMixerC-PF-19703.html
LINK

Equipment
Gel Doc XR+ Gel Documentation System
NAME
Gel Documentation System
TYPE
Bio-rad Laboratories
BRAND
1708195
SKU
https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/product/gel-doc-xr-gel-documentation-system?ID=O494WJE8Z
LINK

Equipment
Fragment Analyzer
NAME
capillary based nucleic acid fragment size separation
TYPE
Agilent
BRAND
M5311AA
SKU
https://www.agilent.com/en/product/automated-electrophoresis/fragment-analyzer-systems/fragment-analyzer-systems/5300-fragment-analyzer-system-365721
LINK

Safety warnings
Prepare waste containers for the formaldehyde and manganese solutions labelled with the proper warning signs:

FA-WASTE container, β-ME-WASTE container and MnCl2-WASTE container
Before start
Characterize your sample

The protocol is developed for plant leaf tissues that will yield at least 5 μg nuclear gDNA per gram of leaf sample. It is crucial that you characterize your biological sample before starting. This will give you a good understanding of the expected yields along the process and make decisions if you fall below the minimum amount of DNA to safely continue to the next stage.
Adjust the amount of starting leaf tissue to obtain the desired amount of ngDNA and make sure you have at least 6 tubes of nuclei before starting because it will take at least two tries before you get the optimal digestion conditions. Each tube should contain at least 2 μg of ngDNA.

How to anneal the bridge adaptor

  • Dissolve the oligos in TE pH 7.5, at 1 mM. Store at -20°C after use
  • Heat up a water bath to 65°C, containing at least 3 L of water
  • Prepare the following mix in a 1.5 mL screw capped tube:
AVolume, μL
TE pH 7.582
25 mM MgCl28
1 mM Biotinylated bridge adaptor (+)5
1 mM Bridge adaptor (-)5
Total volume100
  • Vortex briefly and do a quick spin
  • Incubate the adaptor mix at 65°C for 5 min
  • Transfer ~1.5 L from the water bath to a shallow plastic container (2 L capacity) on the lab bench
  • Transfer the adaptor mix tube to the container, and place a thermometer
  • Let it cool down to ~ 25°C, it should take about 2.5 h, but you can leave it overnight
  • When ready, do a quick spin and store at -20°C
  • This solution is enough for five bridge ligation reactions

Crosslinking Solution

0.5 mL 1X PBS + 27 µL Formaldehyde solutionMerck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #F8775-25ML , freshly prepared


Streptavidin magnetic bead binding buffers

The following buffers can be prepared ahead of time and stored at 4 °C for at least 6 months
A1X B/W + T201X B/W2X PEGBB
ddH2O 39.25 mL39.75 mL3 mL
100X TE pH 7.5250 μL250μL200 μL
5 M NaCl10 mL10 mL8 mL
50% w/v PEG 8000----8 mL
2.5% v/v Tween 20500 μL--800 μL
Total volume50 mL50 mL20 mL
Abbreviations:

B/W + T20 = Bind and Wash plus Tween 20 buffer (0.5X TE pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl, 0.025% v/v Tween 20)
B/W = Bind and Wash Buffer (0.5X TE pH 7.5, 1 M NaCl)
PEGBB = Polyethylene glycol 8000 Binding Buffer (1X TE pH 7.5, 2 M NaCl, 20% v/v PEG 8000, 0.1% v/v Tween 20)


Nuclei isolation and integrity check


Safety information
Work in the fume hood
Add 20 mL sorbitol wash buffer to the ground tissue by gently dislodging it with an inoculation loop. Stir gently and drag the lump up against the tube wall until it is resuspended
Centrifuge 3500 rpm, 10°C, 00:05:00 . Pour off the supernatant into designated β-ME-WASTE container. The supernatant will have the consistency of light syrup and it might be light green with fine sediment
at least another 2 times. It can take up to 4 rounds of washing to obtain a supernatant that pours off like water and is clear. Place the tube on ice
Add 20 mL NEB complete buffer and gently resuspend the ground tissue by tapping the bottom of the tube and mixing by inversion. Add another 20 mL NEB complete buffer and mix by inversion. Place the tube horizontally over an ice bucket, and on the orbital Undetermined, Room temperature , 00:10:00 Slow speed
Assemble the funnel over a 50 mL Falcon tube and place the Miracloth. Pre-wet the miracloth with some NEB complete buffer
Filtrate the extract through one sheet of Miracloth
Filtrate the extract through a 100 µm cell strainer assembled over a 50 mL Falcon tube
Filtrate the extract through a 40 µm cell strainer assembled over a 50 mL Falcon tube. Lift the cell strainer slightly and press the mesh against the tube inner wall to speed up the filtration
Note
The flow through the 40 μm cell strainer can be very slow. If it clogs, continue with a new 40 μm cell strainer or stir the liquid very gently with a sterile 1 µL inoculation loop


Collect the nuclei by centrifugation at 1800 x g, 10°C, 00:15:00
Discard the supernatant in the designated β-ME-WASTE container
Add 25 mL NEB –βME and resuspend the pellet gently by tapping the bottom of the tube and mixing by inversion

Add 1 mL NEB –βME and detach the pellet gently by tapping the bottom of the tube. Resuspend the nuclei using a 1 mL pipette set at 500 μL and wide bore tips by drawing the liquid in and out very slowly. Avoid introducing air bubbles. It is very important the nuclei suspension is homogeneous
Note
A Dounce homogenizer with a B pestle can be used for this task

Transfer 50 µL resuspended nuclei to a 1.5 mL tube to check the DNA integrity (see below)
Split the nuclei suspension in eight 1.5 mL screw capped tubes, spin down 1 min at maximum speed, discard the buffer and the nuclei pellet tubes at -80 °C
Note
  • To defrost a nuclei sample, place it on ice and flick the bottom of the tube gently until the pellet is resuspended
  • If the cell density of the leaf sample is low, split the nuclei suspension in 5 or 6 tubes instead

It is recommended to check the DNA integrity before preparing the library

  1. Add 50 µL 1X CutSmart Buffer + 1% SDS (prewarmed @ 55ºC) to the nuclei vortex briefly
  2. Add 1 µL Proteinase K and vortex 2 seconds
  3. Place the tube in the thermomixer programmed as follows:
55°C 15 min 1250 rpm → 68°C 45 min 1250 rpm
  1. Spin down the tube briefly and add 100 µL AMPure XP beads mix and let stand 00:05:00 room temperature
  2. Place 00:02:00 magnet or until the solution is clear. Discard the supernatant
  3. While the tube is on the magnet, add 200 µL 80% ethanol over the beads and remove it 00:00:30 exactly . Repeat this step one more time
  4. Quick spin the tube, place it on the magnet and remove all ethanol
  5. Remove tube from magnet and add 50 µL TE buffer . Tap the bottom of the tube to resuspend the beads and let the DNA elute at least 00:10:00 room temperature
  6. Place the tube on the magnet and transfer the eluted DNA to a new tube
  7. Quantify 1 µL eluted DNA with the HS dsDNA Qubit kit
  8. Calculate the amount of nuclear genomic DNA in 50 μL and then extrapolate to 1 mL of resuspended nuclei
  9. Calculate how much ngDNA is per tube (~118 μL if split in 8 tubes, or ~158 μL if split in 6 tubes). Ideally you will have ≥3 μg of ngDNA per tube
  10. Analyze 200 ng nuclear genomic DNA in a 1% agarose gel against the 1 kb+ ladder and 200 ng Lambda DNA (48.5 kbp) . The extracted DNA should be >20 kbp. If the DNA is not intact, do not proceed with crosslinking and DNase I test. Prepare a new nuclei prep and QC the sample again
Chromatin Crosslinking
Add 0.5 mL 1X PBS to one of the defrosted nuclei tubes . Tap gently the bottom of the tube, or use an inoculation loop to dislodge the nuclei from the tube walls. The nuclei should be fully resuspended
Add 0.5 mL crosslinking solution to the nuclei pellet, and mix by inversion
Incubate at 00:10:00 room temperature with gentle mixing using the orbital shaker by placing the tube horizontally
Note
If you can't find an orbital shaker, a rotisserie oven set at room temperature or a hula mixer are good alternatives

10m
Centrifuge at 3500 rpm, 00:05:00 , at room temperature and discard the supernatant in designated FA-WASTE container
Note
Some plant nuclei might not form a solid pellet at this buffer/centrifugal speed/time combination. You can increase the speed to 6000 or 13000 rpm instead.

Quench the crosslinking reaction by adding 1 mL 1X Wash buffer and resuspend the pellet gently by tapping the bottom of the tube, or by using an inoculation loop, and mix by inversion
Centrifuge at 3500 rpm, 00:05:00 , (6000 or 13000 rpm) and discard the supernatant in designated FA-WASTE container
Safety information
Move back to your lab bench


Lysate characterization
Resuspend nuclei in 500 µL FA buffer and incubate on the thermal mixer set at 1250 rpm, 37°C, 00:15:00

Note
Optional: RNA can be removed after lysis by adding 5 µL RNase A (100 mg/uL) and incubating Room temperature 5 min

Take 50 µL lysate and DNA QC to extract the lysate DNA and run 100 or 200 ng in a 1% agarose gel. The DNA should be > 20 kbp. Do not proceed if the DNA is degraded.

Keep the rest of the extracted lysate DNA at 4ºC for quality check in the Fragment Analyzer at a later stage, together with the DNase I titration experiment (see below).

Note
After the incubation, the lysate can be stored at -80 °C if you can’t continue with the next section

Chromatin Capture
Calculate the volume of lysate to have 2 μg of DNA and add 2 volumes of AMPure XP beads, mix and let it stand 00:05:00 at room temperature
Note
The chromatin lysate in the presence of magentic beads becomes messy. The beads might stick to the inside and outside of the pipette tip and won't come off easily by pipetting in and out. Instead, dispense the beads above the lysate and mix the beads/lysate by tapping the bottom of the tube to avoid losing captured chromatin every time you add any liquid to the tube.

  • Place the tube on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 or until the solution is clear.
  • Discard the supernatant, and wash the beads with 1 mL 1X Wash buffer .
  • Place the tube on the magnet again for at least 00:02:00 or until the solution becomes clear and discard it
4m
at least one more time, but it might take 4 or more rounds of washing until the solution becomes clear when the beads are on the magnet. The total number of washes depend on the plant species.
Note
If you can’t proceed with the rest of the steps, add 200 µL 1X Wash buffer to the beads and store at 4 °C overnight


DNase I Digestion Dilution Series

This section explains how to determine the optimal condition to digested chromatin. You will use one of the the nuclei tubes .
Once you have found the optimal condition, you will apply to them to a new nuclei tube (section DNase I Digestion and onwards)

Prepare the following solutions:

ADNase I solutionBeads solution
Sterile ddH2O450 μL400 µL
10X DNase I reaction buffer50 μL50 µL
100 mM MnCl2--50 µL
Total volume 500 μL500 µL

Set the thermomixer at 1250 rpm, 37°C ∞ min
  • Mix the DNase I 1 U/µL stock by inversion 20 times, quick spin
  • Mix by inversion again 20 times, and quick spin
  • Transfer 20 μL of DNase I solution to a new tube and add 5 μL DNase I 1 U/μL stock
  • Mix by inversion 20 times and quick spin
  • The DNase I concentration of this dilution is 0.2 U/μL
  • Place tube on ice
  • Prepare the dilution series as follows:
ADNase I solutionDNase I 0.2 U/μLU/μL
Dilution A94 μL6 μL0.012
Dilution B95 μL5 μL0.01
Dilution C96 μL4 μL0.008
Dilution D97 μL3 μL0.006
  • Mix the dilution by tapping the bottom of the tube 20 times and quick spin
  • Place on ice
After removing the last 1X Wash buffer solution from captured chromatin add 500 µL Beads solution and resuspend by vortexing briefly
Prepare one tube labelled T = 0 h and four tubes as follows:
ADilution ADilution BDilution CDilution D
T = 1 hA-1 hB-1 hC-1 hD-1 h

  • Transfer 50 µL captured chromatin from to the tube labelled T = 0 h
  • Transfer 100 µL captured chromatin to each tube A-1 h to D-1 h
  • Place the 5 tubes on ice
  • Start the digestion by adding 10 μL of its corresponding dilution to tubes A-1 h to D-1 h and flick the bottom of the tube to mix the beads
  • Transfer the 5 tubes to the thermomixer
  • 01:00:00 TIMER
1h
  • Stop the reaction by adding 25 µL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 to tubes A-1 h to D-1 h and vortex 3 s
  • Add 12.5 µL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 to tube T = 0 h and vortex 3 s
Add 200 µL 1X Wash buffer to each tube, vortex briefly and place them on the magnet until the solution is clear
Discard the supernatant in the MnCl2 -WASTE container and to repeat the wash step
After removing the supernatant, add 200 µL 1X Wash buffer and 2 µL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8 to each tube, vortex briefly and store at 4 °C overnight


Step case

Time series option
From 83 to 84 steps


  1. Prepare 100 μL DNase I solution
  2. Mix the DNase I stock solution (1 U/ μL) by inversion and do a quick spin to collect the solution at the bottom of the tube
  3. Add 1 μL DNase I 1 U/uL to 100 μL DNase I solution and mix by tapping the bottom of the tube and do a quick spin. The DNase I is now diluted at 0.01 U/uL. Place the tube on ice
  4. After removing the last 1X Wash buffer solution from the captured chromatin add 500 μL Beads solution and resuspend by vortexing briefly
  5. Prepare the tubes for the digestion time course. Label 9 tubes at 10 min intervals from T= 10 min to T = 1 h 30 min and add 12.5 μL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 to each tube. The EDTA will stop the DNase I digestion.
  6. Remove 50 μL captured chromatin and transfer to a tube labelled ZERO and place it in the thermomixer
  7. Add 2 μL DNase I 0.01 U/uL to the 450 μL remaining captured chromatin, vortex gently and place the tube in the thermomixer.
  8. START THE TIMER
  9. Sample 50 μL captured chromatin digestion every 10 min. Transfer the bead sample to the tube labelled with the time point. Vortex briefly and leave at room temperature while you finish sampling the rest of the beads. Note: The bead lysate mixture is messy. Avoid dipping the pipette tip too far into the solution so you don’t carry too much mixture outside the tube.
  10. Once the time course sampling is finished, add 200 μL 1X Wash buffer to each tube, mix and place them on the magnet until the solution is clear
  11. Discard the supernatant in the MnCl2-WASTE container and repeat the wash step one more time
  12. After removing the supernatant, add 200 μL 1X Wash buffer plus 2 μL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 mix and store at 4 °C overnight

Note: If the digestion is incomplete, repeat the experiment but add 6 μL of DNase I at 0.01 U/μL in step 7 and continue with the rest of the time course.
Chromatin Quality Check

  • Incubate 1 mL 1X CutSmart Buffer NEB + 1% SDS for 55 °C 10 min before use
  • Vortex and quick spin before opening the tube
Set the thermomixer program as follows:
55°C 15 min 1250 rpm → 68°C 45 min 1250 rpm
  • Equilibrate the tubes at room temperature ~ 5 minutes
  • Place the tubes on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 until the solution becomes clear
  • Discard the supernatant and place the tubes on a rack
Add 100 µL prewarmed 1X CutSmart Buffer NEB + 1% SDS to each tube
Add 1 µL Proteinase K (20 mg/mL) to each tube, vortex briefly and quick spin
Note
Most samples will be fully digested with 20 μg of Proteinase K under these conditions, but you could increase it to 40 or 50 μg if you have experienced problems digesting your sample with this enzyme in other protocols (total genomic DNA extraction, for example).

Place the tubes in the thermomixer and start the program
When the Proteinase K digestion is finished, quickly spin down the tubes and place them on the magnet for at least 00:02:00
Transfer the supernatant containing the DIGESTED CHROMATIN to a new tube and discard the beads
  • Add 180 µL AMPure XP beads , mix by flicking the bottom of the tube until the solution is homogeneous
  • Let it stand 00:05:00 at room temperature
Capture the beads with the magnet for at least 00:02:00 and discard the supernatant in the MnCl2-WASTE container

  • Without removing the tube from the magnet add 200 µL 80% ethanol over the beads and wait for exactly 00:00:30 before removing the ethanol
  • Repeat the ethanol wash one more time
Spin down the tubes 00:00:02 and place them on the magnet again and remove all the liquid
  • Add 50 µL TE buffer directly onto the beads, close the tube and remove from the magnet. Mix the beads by gently flicking the bottom of the tube
  • Do a quick spin (~ 1 second) to collect the beads at the bottom
  • Let the DNA elute at least 00:10:00 at room temperature
Place the tube on the magnet for 00:02:00 until all the beads are against the magnet and transfer the eluted DNA to a new tube. Keep at Room temperature
Note
If you can't proceed with the DNA quantification step, store the tubes at 4 °C overnight

Quantify 1 µL eluted DNA with the High Sensitivity dsDNA Qubit kit and estimate the total amount of DNA for each time point (see table below)
Prepare the samples for the Fragment Analyzer run. Use the HS NGS kit 1-6000 bp:

  • If the concentration is > 5 ng/µL, dilute it to 2.5 ng/µL with TE buffer and use 2 µL of 2.5 ng/uL dilution
  • If the concentration is < 2.5 ng/μL use 2 µL undiluted .
  • Open the Fragment Analyzer outfile with ProSize 3.0 and perform the Smear Analysis by selecting the following fragment ranges, and fill out the table below:
ABCDEFGHIJ
% Smear (bp)% Smear (bp)% Smear (bp)% Smear (bp)QubitQubit QubitSample (1 nuclei tube)Sample (1 nuclei tube)
100-2500300-2000100-3002000-2500ng/µLVol µLYield ngVol µLYield ng
OptimalMiddleLow endHigh end
Nuclei sample50 equals 1 mL by number of nuclei tubes (step 13)Aim for 2000
Lysate50 500 (step 20)Expect 1900-2000
T = 0 h50
Diltuion A50
Dilution B50
Dilution C50
Dilution D50

Note
The nuclei, lysate and T = 0 h samples will run over the upper marker (6000 bp), this is fine. It is more important that the resolution is higher between 1 and ~ 3000 bp. But if you prefer, use the HS Genomic DNA kit instead. However, the ProSize 3.0 software can't combine data from two different methods in the "Project" option. The amplified Hi-C library (see below) is best analyzed with the HS NGS method because the resolution between 1 and 500 bp is higher. If you want to compare this data with the DNase I digest and later the intramolecular ligated chromatin sample, use the HS NGS method.

  • The amount of DNA in the nuclei sample allows you to estimate the DNA yield per tube and per gram of tissue
  • The lysate should produce intact DNA, with same profile as your nuclei QC sample described in Nuclei prep . The lysate QC step allows you calculate how much chromatin to expect per lysis event. The lysate and T = 0 h are internal controls to monitor if DNA degradation occurred during sample manipulation
  • The goal of the DNase I dilution series is to determine the optimal amount of DNase I where most of the DNA is within the 100-2500 bp range

≥ 50% of the input DNA is within 100-2500 bp

  • If you have at 0.9-1 μg of optimally digested chromatin you can now take another nuclei tube and process it in the same way (Section DNase I onwards) to produce either a Nanopore or an illumina library
  • If you have ~ 150 ng of optimally digested chromatin you can only prepare an illumina library under these condition
  • If you have 80-100 ng of optimally digested chromatin you are at the lower limit for preparing an illumina library, but it is till possible to produce one

< 50% of the input DNA is within 100-2500 bp

  • If most of the smear is ≤ 300 bp for all dilutions (or time points - see step case option), the sample was over digested. Repeat the DNase I dilution series but incubate the digestion for 30 min only. If you did a time series step case use a 0.005 U/μL dilution of DNase I

  • If most of the smear is ≥ 2500 bp, the sample was under digested. Before repeating or modifying the chromatin prep, check that the DNase I stock is working correctly. Perform a control digestion of 1 µg of Lambda DNA, 20 min only, in 1X DNase I buffer + 10 mM MnCl2, 0.02 U DNase I, in a total volume of 20 μL, 37ºC. Stop the reaction with 1 μL 0.5 M EDTA pH, add 4 μL 6X gel loading buffer and load it all in a 1% agarose gel and include an aliquot of undigested Lambda DNA as control (1X TAE, 140 V, 30 min, stain the gel with SybrSafe after the run or add it directly on the gel). If the test shows no digestion, buy a new DNase I stock (with MnCl2)

  • If the under digested result is accompanied by a high DNA yield (>5 µg), QC the lysate again and make sure you only use 2 μg for the chromatin capture step
DNase I Digestion
This section describes how to process one nuclei tube from crosslinking to the DNase I digestion step once the optimal reaction conditions have been established.

You will collect samples of lysate, T = 0 h and optimal digestion time for QC later. This is a precaution to ensure the same results observed earlier are reproduced
  • Select the time point that contains ≥50% of the DNA within 100-2500 bp to prepare your library
  • Take one tube Nuclei prep from the -80ºC freezer and perform the steps from Chromatin crosslinking up to Chromatin capture
Carry out the DNase I digestion with two time points only: T = 0 h and Optimal QC as follows:

  • Transfer 50 µL captured chromatin resuspended in 500 µL Beads solution to a tube labelled T = 0 h
  • Start the reaction by adding the Optimal DNase I dilution to the remaining 450 µL captured chromatin and place both tubes in the thermomixer

For example: if the optimal digestion was observed with dilution B

ACaptured chromatinDilution B @ 0.01 U/μLU/captured chromatin (μL)
Dilution series100 μL10 μL0.001
Library prep450 μL45 μL0.001


  • When the time is up, transfer 50 µL DNase I digested captured chromatin to a tube labelled Optimal QC and add 12.5 µL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 , mix and leave it on a rack at room temperature
  • Add 12.5 µL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 to the T = 0 h, mix and leave it on the rack
  • Add 100 µL 0.5 mM EDTA pH 8.0 to the remaining 400 μL of digested chromatin, mix and leave it on the rack
  • Add 800 µL 1X Wash Buffer to each tube, mix and place on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 until the solution is clear
  • Discard all the solution in the MnCl2-WASTE container
  • Remove the tubes from the magnet and add 1 mL 1X Wash buffer to each tube, mix and place on the magnet again
  • When the solution is clear transfer it to the MnCl2-WASTE container
2m
  • Extract the DNA from T = 0 h and Optimal QC tubes as described before Chromatin Quality Check

These samples, together with the leftover lysate ( ) and the intra molecular ligated chromatin will be quantified and loaded in the Fragment Analyzer later (see Chromatin Reverse Crosslinking Section and Quality Check section below)
  • Add 200 µL 1X Wash Buffer and 2 µL 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0 to the Digested chromatin tube and store at 4 °C overnight
  • This is the sample to be used for preparing your library (see section End Repair)
End Repair

  • From the Optimal QC sample determine how much DNA is digested and captured in the AMPure XP beads
  • The NEBNext Ultra II End repair can only repair up to 1 μg of DNA. If there is more than 1 µg of digested chromatin needs to be repaired, up-scale the End Repair according to the table shown below
  • The NEBNext FFPE DNA repair reaction is only needed for Nanopore library preparation and can only repair up to 1 μg of DNA. If you are preparing an Illumina library, omit this reagent
  • Make sure the buffers are fully defrosted and dissolved. Vortex and quick spin all the reagents
Place the digested captured chromatin from on the magnet and discard the clear supernatant. Wash the beads twice with 200 µL 1X Wash buffer and discard all the liquid
Add the following reagents of the desired library to be prepared to the washed beads in the order shown below. Mix the contents before and after adding the enzymes:

ReagentNanopore libraryIllumina library
Volume µLVolume µL
Total volume6060
Deionized sterile water4850
NEBNext End Repair buffer3.57
NEBNext FFPE DNA Repair buffer3.5
End repair enzyme mix33
FFPE enzyme mix2

Place the tube in the thermal mixer set at 1250 rpm, 20°C, 01:00:00
Quick spin the tube and place it on the magnet for ∼ 00:02:00 magnet and discard all the liquid
2m
  • Remove the tube from the magnet and add 1 mL 1X Wash buffer and gently resuspend the beads by tapping with a pen
  • Quick spin the tube and place it for at least 00:02:00 magnet and discard all the liquid
2m
Repeat one more time and proceed to the Bridge Ligation step immediately
Bridge Ligation
Defrost the ligase buffers and vortex until no solid precipitate (DTT) and no syrupy pellet (polyethylene glycol) are visible. Keep the buffers on ice
Add the following reagents to the beads in the order specified:

ReagentVolume μL
Deionized sterile water50
Annealed Biotinylated Bridge 50 µM20
Mix beads gently
10X T4 DNA ligase buffer 10
50% PEG 400010
Mix beads gently
T4 DNA ligase 1 U/µL10
Mix beads genlty
Final volume100

Place the tube in the thermomixer set at 1250 rpm, 22°C, 01:00:00
Quick spin the tube and place it for at least 00:02:00 magnet and discard all the liquid
2m
  • Remove the tube from the magnet and add 500 µL 1X Wash buffer and gently resuspend the beads by tapping with a pen
  • Quick spin the tube and place it for at least 00:02:00 magnet and discard all the liquid
2m
  • Repeat one more time making sure all the liquid is discarded
  • Place the tube on a rack and continue with Proximity Ligation section
Proximity Ligation
While performing the Bridge ligation, defrost the ligase buffers and vortex it until no solid precipitate (DTT) and no syrupy pellets are visible. Keep the buffers on ice
Add the following reagents to the beads in the order specified:

AB
ReagentVolume µL
Deionized sterile water390
10X T4 DNA ligase buffer50
50% PEG 400050
Mix beads gently
T4 DNA ligase 1 U/µL10
Mix beads gently
Final volume500

Place the Proximity Ligation reaction tube in the thermomixer set at 1250 rpm, 22°C, 16:00:00

Chromatin Reverse Crosslinking and Quality Check

  • Program the thermomixer as follows: 55°C 15 min 1250 rpm → 68°C 45 min 1250 rpm
  • Prewarm the thermomixer at 55°C for ~ 15 min without shaking
  • Incubate 1 mL 1X CutSmart (NEB) + 1% SDS for 00:10:00 at 55 °C before use
  • Vortex and quick spin before opening the tube
Quick spin the Proximity Ligation reaction tube , place it for at least 00:02:00 magnet and discard all the liquid

Add 100 µL 1X CutSmart buffer (NEB) + 1% SDS and vortex briefly
Add 1 µL Proteinase K , vortex briefly and quick spin the tube (see note )

Place the tube in the thermomixer and start the program
Quick spin the tube and TRANSFER THE LIQUID TO A NEW TUBE

THIS IS YOUR INTRA-MOLECULAR LIGATED CHROMATIN (IMLC)


Add 50 µL TE buffer pH 7.5 to the beads, vortex gently, place for 00:02:00 magnet and transfer the liquid to the rest of the IMLC from the previous step
The total volume is 150 µL IMLC. Discard the beads

Note
If you can’t continue with the DNA purification, store the IMLC at -20 °C .
Defrost the tube on the bench and warm it up at 30 °C ~ 5 min until the solution is clear


Add 105 µL AMPureXP beads to the 150 μL IMLC and vortex gently until the sample is homogeneous

Note
The bead to sample ratio at 0.7 will select fragments above 200 bp. See Left Side Selection graph here

Incubate 00:05:00 at room temperature
Place the tube on magnet and let it stand for at least 00:02:00 magnet or until all the beads are against the magnet and discard the liquid
2m
  • While the tube is still on the magnet, add 200 µL 80% ethanol
  • Remove it exactly after 00:00:30 ethanol wash
30s
Repeat step one more time
  • Place the tube on the centrifuge and do a quick spin (~ 00:00:02 ) and place on magnet again Remove all traces of ethanol
2s
  • Add 54 µL 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 directly onto the beads, vortex gently and do a quick spin
  • Let the DNA elute at room temperature for at least 00:10:00 DNA elution

10m
  • Place the tube on the magnet for ~ 00:02:00 magnet until all the beads are collected
  • Transfer the eluted DNA to a new tube
2m
  • Quantify 1 µL IMLC and also 1 μL of T = 0 h and Optimal QC samples with the HS dsDNA Qubit kit
  • Run 2 µL at 2.5 ng/uL each sample on the Fragment Analyzer (HS NGS kit 1-6000 bp)
Store the IMLC at -20 °C until ready to prepare the sequencing library
Nanopore library preparation
To prepare a Nanopore library you will need a least 1 µg IMLC . Check the Nanopore Community page to select the kit and best conditions for sequencing
Illumina library preparation
IMLC End Prep and Illumina adaptor ligation

The universal illumina adaptor and USER enzyme can be found in the NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina (Index Primers Set 3) kit

Set up the following reaction in a 200 μL PCR tube:

AVolume μL
IMLC51
NEBNext Ultra II End prep Buffer7
NEBNext Ultra II End prep Enzyme3
Total volume61
Place the tube on a thermocycler programmed as follows: 20°C 30 min → 65°C 30 min → 12°C ∝
Add 2.5 µL NEB Universal Illumina adaptor (15 μM) , vortex and quick spin
Add the following reagents to the End prep IMLC + illumina adaptor tube in the order specified:

ReagentVolume μL
Deionized sterile water11.5
10X T4 DNA ligase buffer10
50% PEG 400010
Mix beads gently
T4 DNA ligase 1 U/µL5
Mix beads gently
Final volume100

Incubate at 20 °C 30 min . Or leave it in the refrigerator overnight

Add 3 µL USER enzyme mix , vortex, quick spin and incubate at 37 °C 15 min

Spin down the tube and transfer all the sample to a 1.5 mL tube
  • Add 50 µL TE pH 7.5 to the PCR tube, vortex, quick spin and transfer all to the 1.5 mL tube
  • Total volume: 153 μL
Add 120 µL AMPure XP beads and vortex gently until completely homogeneous
  • Incubate Room temperature at least 5 min
  • Place the tube on magnet 00:02:00 or until the solution becomes clear and discard the solution
  • Add 180 µL 80% ethanol to the tube while on the magnet
  • Discard all liquid after 00:00:30 exactly
  • Repeat this wash one more time
  • Quick spin the tube, place it on the magnet and remove all liquid
  • Add 100 µL TE pH 7.5 to the tube, remove from the magnet, and resuspend the beads by gently vortexing the tube
  • Incubate Room temperature for at least 00:10:00
  • Return the tube to the magnet and when the solution becomes clear transfer it to a new 1.5 mL tube
This is now your IMLC-illumina library
Quantify 1 µL IMLC-illumina library with the Qubit HS dsDNA kit
Note
If you can't continue with the Streptavidin magnetic bead capture or for long term storage , keep the IMLC-illumina library at -20 °C

The following steps describe how to prepare the streptavidin magnetic beads for binding an IMLC-illumina library at a concentration of 2.5 ng/μL or higher.

If your IMLC-illumina library is less concentrated, resuspend the SAMB in a different volume. For example: The IMLC-illumina library is at 1.5 ng/μL. To have 100 ng for SAMB capture you need 66 µL IMLC-illumina . Resuspend the prepared SAMB beads in 66 µL 2X PEGBB instead of 40 μL as described here:

Streptavidin magnetic bead (SAMB) preparation

  1. Coat one 1.5 mL screw-capped tube by adding 1 mL 1X B/W + T20 , mix and remove all liquid
  2. Add 1 mL 1X B/W to the tube
  3. Vortex the SAMB until fully resuspended and transfer 20 µL SAMB to the tube, mix by pipetting. This volume contains 200 μg of beads
  4. Place the tube on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 and discard half of the liquid
  5. Quick spin the tube and place it on the magnet
  6. When the solution is clear, discard it all
  7. Remove the tube from the magnet and add 20 µL 1X B/W and mix by pipetting
  8. Place the tube on the magnet for 00:02:00 and discard the liquid
  9. Repeat this wash step two more times
  10. Add 40 µL 2X PEGBB and mix by pipetting
4m
SAMB capture

  1. Calculate the volume required of IMLC-illumina library to have 100 ng and adjust it to a final volume of 40 µL 1X TE pH 7.5 . Mix and quick spin the tube
  2. Transfer the IMLC-illumina solution to the prepared SAMB , vortex briefly and place in the thermomixer 1250 rpm, 25°C, 00:30:00
  3. Quick spin the tube and place it on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 and discard the solution*
  4. Remove the tube from the magnet and add 120 µL 1X B/W + T20 and mix by pipetting
  5. Place the tube on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 and discard the solution*
Note
* The clear solution from the unbound and the washes contain IMLC-illumina library, about 50% of the input material. You could discard it, but it is recommended to keep it in case you need to prepare another SAMB capture sample. See instructions on how to recover the unbound IMLC-illumina from these fractions in the last step-case of the Expected Results section
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 one more time
7. Remove the tube from the magnet and add 120 µL 1X B/W and mix by pipetting
8. Place the tube on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 and discard the solution*
9. Repeat steps 8 and 9 one more time
10. Resuspend the beads in 40 µL 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0

The bead concentration is ~ 5 μg beads/μL. Store at 4 °C
The sample is stable at this temperature for at least 2 weeks

36m
Library amplification and size selection

Set up the following PCR master mix:

A5 reactions, μL
Sterile ddH20100
NEBNext Ultra II Q5 master mix 125
Universal PCR primer 10 μM12.5
NEBNext index primer 10 μM12.5
IMLC-illumina-SAMB ~5 μg/μL10
Total volume250
  • Vortex until the beads are mixed evenly
  • Aliquot 50 µL PCR master mix per PCR tube and place them in the thermocycler

PCR profile:

98ºC 30 sec → (98ºC 10 sec - 65ºC 75 sec) x 12 → 65ºC 5 min → 12ºC ∞
Spin down the tubes briefly and transfer all the solution to one 1.5 mL tube
This tube contains the amplified Hi-C library plus IMLC-illumina-SAMB
Wash the PCR tubes:
  • Add 100 µL 1X TE pH 7.5 to one of the PCR tubes and set the pipette volume to 150 μL
  • Pipette the solution several times and transfer to the next tube. Repeat this step on all the PCR tubes
  • Transfer the solution to the 1.5 mL tube
Recover the SAMB-illumina bound library:

  1. Place the 1.5 mL tube on the magnet for at least 00:02:00
  2. Transfer the clear solution to a new 1.5 mL tube and set aside. This is your amplified Hi-C library to be sequenced
  3. Add 50 µL 1X TE pH 7.5 to the SAMB beads, remove it from the magnet, vortex gently and place it in the magnet again for at least 00:02:00
  4. Transfer the solution to the 1.5 mL tube set aside earlier (step 67.3.2)
  5. Add 10 µL 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8 to the SAMB-illumina bound library and store at 4 °C This sample can be used again to prepare more amplified library if needed, but use it within 1 week
  6. Estimate the total volume of amplified library using a 1000 μL pipette . Expect ~ 400 μL (250 μL PCRs + 100 μL PCR tubes wash + 50 μL beads wash)
4m
  • Add 0.8 - volumes of AMPure XP beads to the PCR reaction (step 67.3.2). For example: if 400 μL were recovered, add 320 μL of AMPure XP beads
  • Vortex briefly until the solution is homogeneous
Note
The amount of AMPure XP beads will remove unused primers only. Once the amplified library has been analyzed, you will need to do a double size selection (0.5X/0.3X) before sequencing to select for fragments with an average size of 670 bp. See instructions described in the last step case in Expected Results section below.

  • Incubate at Room temperature 5 min
  • Place the tube on the magnet for at least 00:02:00 or until the solution is clear
  • Discard the solution
  • While still on the magnet, add 500 µL 80% ethanol to the beads and remove it exactly after 00:00:30
  • Repeat this step one more time
  • Quick spin the tube and place it on the magnet again
  • Remove all traces of ethanol
  • Remove the tube from the magnet and place it on a rack
  • Add 100 µL 1X TE pH 7.5 and gently vortex the tube until the beads are resuspended
  • Incubate Room temperature at least 10 min
  • Place the tube on the magnet and when the solution is clear, transfer it to a new 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube

This is the amplified Hi-C library cleaned with 0.8X AMPure XP beads
  • Qubit 1 µL amplified Hi-C library with Qubit HS dsDNA kit
  • Prepare 10 μL of a 2.5 ng/μL dilution of the amplified library and run it in the Fragment Analyzer (HS NGS 1-6000 bp method)

We have tested this protocol on several species and although not all of them showed ideal digestions and IMLC profiles (see step case below) the MiSeq QC run produced usable libraries.


The sea urchin and bat samples included in this section were grounded in liquid nitrogen, washed and resuspended in 1X PBS before crosslinking. After quenching the formaldehyde with 1X Wash buffer, the cells were filtered through a 200 μm cell strainer and collected by centrifugation. The myna bird blood cells were defrosted in 1X TE pH 7.5, 100 mM EDTA as soon as they were taken out of the -80ºC freezer, spun down, washed with 1X PBS twice before crosslinking and processed as the other animal samples.

The table below shows the expected yields along the protocol across 5 different plants.


It is crucial to use no more than 100 ng of IMLC-illumina sample for the streptavidin magnetic bead capture because not all of it will be captured. Under the conditions described in this method, about 50 ng of the initial 100 ng of IMLC-illumina library is bound to the streptavidin beads. It is possible that by using a longer linker connecting the biotin hapten to the Bridge (+) strand, the steric hindrance might be avoided.

The Hi-C library amplification double size selection might look a bit lumpy:


And the next table shows the metrics obtained with the MiSeq QC run: Download Hi-C MiSeq comparisons.xlsxHi-C MiSeq comparisons.xlsx
Step case

Ideal DNase I and IMLC profiles
1 step

The sharp peak at ~650 bp observed on the digested chromatin might be an artifact produced when the crosslinked chromatin binds to the AMPure XP beads. We have observed this peak in two plants and on a bird blood library prep. The peak disappears after the intramolecular ligation and reverse crosslinking steps.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Ashley Jones (Australian National University, Canberra) for joining us in our first Hi-C marathon in 2022, and our colleagues for providing samples to test: Susan Thomson, Wendy Hall, Ed Morgan (Plant and Food Research, New Zealand), Anna Santure (University of Auckland, New Zealand), Annabel Whibley and Darrell Lizamore (Bragato Institute), Jessie Prebble (Landcare Research, New Zealand), Niel Gimmel and Joanne Gillum (University of Otago, New Zealand).
Protocol references
Literature

  • Duan, Z. (2021). Targeted DNase Hi-C. Capturing Chromosome Conformation. B. Bodega and C. Lanzuolo. New York, NY, Humana.
  • Golloshi, R., J. T. Sanders and R. P. McCord (2018). "Iteratively improving Hi-C experiments one step at a time." Methods 142: 47-58.
  • Golov, A. K., S. V. Ulianov, A. V. Luzhin, E. P. Kalabusheva, O. L. Kantidze, I. M. Flyamer, S. V. Razin and A. A. Gavrilov (2020). "C-TALE, a new cost-effective method for targeted enrichment of Hi-C/3C-seq libraries." Methods 170: 48-60.
  • Gridina, M., E. Mozheiko, E. Valeev, L. P. Nazarenko, M. E. Lopatkina, Z. G. Markova, M. I. Yablonskaya, V. Y. Voinova, N. V. Shilova, I. N. Lebedev and V. Fishman (2021). "A cookbook for DNase Hi-C." Epigenetics & Chromatin 14(1): 15.
  • Hoffman, E. A., B. L. Frey, L. M. Smith and D. T. Auble (2015). "Formaldehyde crosslinking: a tool for the study of chromatin complexes." The Journal of biological chemistry 290(44): 26404-26411.
  • Kadota, M., O. Nishimura, H. Miura, K. Tanaka, I. Hiratani and S. Kuraku (2020). "Multifaceted Hi-C benchmarking: what makes a difference in chromosome-scale genome scaffolding?" GigaScience 9(1).
  • Kasem, S., N. Rice and R. Henry (2008). DNA extraction from plant tissue. Plant Genotyping II: SNP Technology. 2: 219-271.
  • Lieberman-Aiden, E., N. L. van Berkum, L. Williams, M. Imakaev, T. Ragoczy, A. Telling, I. Amit, B. R. Lajoie, P. J. Sabo, M. O. Dorschner, R. Sandstrom, B. Bernstein, M. A. Bender, M. Groudine, A. Gnirke, J. Stamatoyannopoulos, L. A. Mirny, E. S. Lander and J. Dekker (2009). "Comprehensive Mapping of Long-Range Interactions Reveals Folding Principles of the Human Genome." Science 326(5950): 289.
  • Ma, W., F. Ay, C. Lee, G. Gulsoy, X. Deng, S. Cook, J. Hesson, C. Cavanaugh, C. B. Ware, A. Krumm, J. Shendure, C. A. Blau, C. M. Disteche, W. S. Noble and Z. Duan (2014). "Fine-scale chromatin interaction maps reveal the cis-regulatory landscape of human lincRNA genes." Nature Methods 12: 71.
  • Ma, W., F. Ay, C. Lee, G. Gulsoy, X. Deng, S. Cook, J. Hesson, C. Cavanaugh, C. B. Ware, A. Krumm, J. Shendure, C. A. Blau, C. M. Disteche, W. S. Noble and Z. Duan (2018). "Using DNase Hi-C techniques to map global and local three-dimensional genome architecture at high resolution." Methods 142: 59-73.
  • Nagano, T., C. Várnai, S. Schoenfelder, B. M. Javierre, S. W. Wingett and P. Fraser (2015). "Comparison of Hi-C results using in-solution versus in-nucleus ligation." Genome Biol 16(1): 175.
  • Niu, L., W. Shen, Y. Huang, N. He, Y. Zhang, J. Sun, J. Wan, D. Jiang, M. Yang, Y. C. Tse, L. Li and C. Hou (2019). "Amplification-free library preparation with SAFE Hi-C uses ligation products for deep sequencing to improve traditional Hi-C analysis." Communications Biology 2(1): 267.
  • Padmarasu, S., A. Himmelbach, M. Mascher and N. Stein (2019). In Situ Hi-C for Plants: An Improved Method to Detect Long-Range Chromatin Interactions. Plant Long Non-Coding RNAs: Methods and Protocols. J. A. Chekanova and H.-L. V. Wang. New York, NY, Springer New York: 441-472.
  • Ramani, V., D. A. Cusanovich, R. J. Hause, W. Ma, R. Qiu, X. Deng, C. A. Blau, C. M. Disteche, W. S. Noble, J. Shendure and Z. Duan (2016). "Mapping 3D genome architecture through in situ DNase Hi-C." Nat Protoc 11(11): 2104-2121.