Jul 07, 2023

Confirmation of axenic seedlings

Applications in Plant Sciences
DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.rm7vzxm94gx1/v1
Confirmation of axenic seedlings
  • 1Marine Biological Laboratory
Elena L. Peredo
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DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.rm7vzxm94gx1/v1
External link: https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70033
Protocol Citation: Elena L. Peredo, Suzanne M Thomas, Zoe Cardon 2023. Confirmation of axenic seedlings. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.rm7vzxm94gx1/v1
Manuscript citation:
Peredo EL, Thomas S, Cardon ZG (2025) Establishment and micropropagation of axenic in vitro cultures of salt marsh grasses within the genus Sporobolus . Applications in Plant Sciences 13(6). doi: 10.1002/aps3.70033
License: This is an open access  protocol  distributed under the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution License,  which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: June 13, 2023
Last Modified: July 07, 2023
Protocol  Integer ID: 83350
Keywords: PCR, universal primers, bacteria, fungi, axenic, in vitro, confirmation of axenic seedlings sporobolus alterniflorus plant, axenic seedlings sporobolus alterniflorus plant, presence of endophyte, endophyte, rich in endophyte, plant, comprehensive assessment of the culture
Funders Acknowledgements:
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Grant ID: 9347
Abstract
Sporobolus alterniflorus plants are known to be rich in endophytes. In order to ensure the success of an in vitro culturing approach, it is crucial to remove any potential contaminants. Here, we present a protocol for detecting the presence of endophytes in in vitro plants. To obtain a comprehensive assessment of the culture's axenic state, we employ both culture-dependent and culture-free approaches.
Image Attribution
E.L.P.
Guidelines
In this protocol, we define two different methods to check for the presence of bacterial and fungal contaminants in cultures. The first method, culture-dependent, is particularly efficient in detecting contaminants that could appear in co-culture with the plants. The second method, culture-independent, aims to detect endophytes that might be unable to colonize the plant-culturing media
Materials
Culture-dependent methods
  • Autoclaved double distilled water.
  • Micro-pestles.
  • 1.7 mL eppendorf tubes.
  • Micropipettes/transfer pipettes.
  • Glass spreaders.
  • Petri dishes
  • Lysogeny broth (LB)
  • Modified MS medium (same culture medium the plants grow in).

Culture-independent methods
  • PCR 0.2 mL tubes.
  • Molecular grade water.
  • dNTPs.
  • Taq and taq buffer.
  • Primers.
  • Agarose.
  • TAE buffer.
  • SyBR green.
  • Electrophoresis rig.
  • Exosap-it.
Safety warnings
Autoclave usage.
Ethics statement
No animal or human research is involved.
Before start
Please consult your institution's guidelines regarding the culturing and discarding of microorganisms isolated from natural environments.
Collection of plant materials to be tested for presence of bacteria and/or fungi
The aim of this protocol is to test for the presence of contaminants in putative axenic Sporobolus alterniflorus (smooth cordgrass) seedlings. Precautions should be taken to prevent the in vitro plant material ("vitroplants") from getting exposed to secondary sources of contamination during testing, including preparing the plant materials in a tissue culture hood and using autoclaved supplies.
Prepare plant materials.
We are going to use two different procedures for testing for the presence of bacteria and fungi in our cultures. We will prepare both simultaneously.

  • Prepare two racks with labeled, sterile 1.7 mL Eppendorf tubes. Samples in one rack would be used for culture-dependent methods. The second rack is for culture-independent methods.
  • Place in each tube the plant material to be tested. Use autoclaved scissors to cut fragments of around 2-3 cm of leaves and roots.
30m
Culture-dependent methods
We use here two different culture media to detect the presence of possible contaminants. One of the media is the same medium the plants are growing in. The second is a rich, general-purpose medium broadly used in microbiology.
Prepare culture media.

Lysogenic Broth culture medium (LB)
  • Weigh 25g of LB broth powder and add to a 1L autoclave bottle.
  • Add double distilled water for a final volume of 1L.
  • Adjust pH to ~7.
  • Add 10 g/L of agar.
  • Autoclave for 40 minutes.
  • In the hood, add ~25 mL into as many 90 mm sterile Petri dishes as needed.

Plant culture medium (MS)
This culture medium is a modification of Murashige and Skoog (1962) and can be bought as dry powder from Phytotech Labs (reference M527).
  • Add 4.41 g of powder to a 1L autoclave bottle.
  • Add 30 g/L of sucrose for a final concentration of 3%.
  • Add double distilled water for a final volume of 1L.
  • Adjust the pH to 5.8.
  • Add 8 g/L of agar.
  • Autoclave for 40 minutes.
In the hood, add ~25 mL into as many 90 mm sterile Petri dishes as needed.
Note
This modified version of MS Medium includes:
  • Macro- and micronutrients as described by Murashige and Skoog (1962)
  • Vitamins as described by Linsmaier and Skoog (1965).
  • Ferric Sodium EDTA in place of Ferrous Sulfate and Disodium EDTA.
  • 1.0 mg/L Kinetin.
  • 0.3 mg/L IAA.
2h
Prepare plant extracts
  • Add 500 µL of distilled autoclaved water (or molecular-grade water) to each sterile Eppendorf tube.
  • Use a sterile micro-pestle to grind the plant material to a fine paste. (Alternatively, a bead-beating approach can be used.)
  • Transfer 100 µL of the supernatant to the appropriate media for culture.
  • Use a glass spreader to distribute the sample on the surface of the agar.
  • Incubate for 1 week using a temperature and light regimen similar to that used for growing seedlings. (We use a growth chamber temperature of 20 °C, light level ~100 µE, and 16 hr: 8 hr light:dark cycles.)

30m
Score the presence of bacterial of fungal contamination in the culturing plates
An example:
Fig. 1- Detection of bacterial (top, LB plates) and fungal (bottom, MS plates) contaminants in soil-grown seedlings (left and center). No contaminants were isolated from the vitroplants (right).
Fig. 2- Detection of endogenous contaminants in leaves and roots of vitroplants that still have endogenous microorganisms. On top, we present the results of inoculating media with extracts of putative axenic vitroplants. After one week, no bacterial or fungal growth was observed in the plates. At the bottom are two example plates illustrating bacterial presence detected in extracts of vitroplants that still carried endogenous contaminants. In this specific case, the assay detected bacteria both in leaves and roots.

1w
Culture-independent methods
We use a PCR-based detection method with universal primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene to detect the possible presence of endogenous bacteria. This second method complements the culture-depended assay described above, targeting bacteria that might not be suitable to grow in the culture media defined above but that can still be present in the in vitro plants.
In addition to the standard negative controls, we strongly encourage using positive control for amplification including
  • Bacterial DNA (e.g. DNA from a bacterial isolate).
  • Positive control for bacterial contamination of plant material (e.g. soil-grown seedlings, or plants collected in the field).
DNA extraction

  • Add the appropriate volume (µL) of DNA extraction buffer (e.g. CTAB) to each tube containing the plant material to be evaluated using the PCR-based assay.
  • Use a sterile micro-pestle to grind the plant material to a fine paste. (Alternatively, a bead-beating approach can be used.)
  • Follow the instructions provided by manufacturer for your DNA extraction kit of choice (here we used Maxwell® RSC PureFood GMO and Authentication Kit).
  • Determine the DNA quantity and quality using nanodrop, and/or agarose gel, and/or fluorometric quantification.
  • Prepare working solutions of each DNA (~10 ng/µL).


Primers for the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene
We recommend using the primer set 799F-1192R targeting the 16S rRNA gene (Ma et al., 2022). This primer combination has the advantage of a reduced affinity for the 16S rRNA gene in cyanobacteria, and therefore minimizes the amplification of chloroplast DNA.

This primer combination amplifies a ~425 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene in bacteria. In Sporobolus alterniflorus it also amplifies a ~800 bp fragment, corresponding to the 16S rRNA gene in the plant mitochondrial genome.
Primer nameSequence
799FAACMGGATTAGATACCCKG
1192RACGTCATCCCCACCTTCC
27FAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG
1492RTACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT
Table 1. Primers used for amplification of 16S gene.

Note
If cyanobacterial contamination is expected, we recommend including a second PCR-based assay using the universal primer set 27F-1492R.

PCR reaction
We selected Platinum™ SuperFi™ DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen) as the enzyme in our PCR reactions. Many other Taqs will provide successful results, however, we recommend using a high-fidelity, high-efficiency enzyme in this protocol.
ReagentConcentrationVolume (μL)
Buffer5X4
DNA10 µg/µL2
dNTPs2.5 mM0.5
Primer F10 µM1
Primer R10 µM1
Taq2 U/μL0.2
Water9.5
Table 2. Components of the PCR reaction. The final volume per reaction is 20 µL.

PCR conditions
  • Initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min.
  • Ten cycles of a touchdown PCR. In each cycle, we decreased the annealing temperature by 0.5°C. Each cycle consisted of denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, followed by annealing at 60°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 45 sec.
  • Twenty-five cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, followed by annealing at 55°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 45 sec.
  • Final elogation at 72°C for 5 min.
  • Samples were held at 4°C.


Note
Abbreviated PCR cycle notation

94°C (5') x10 [94°C(45") 60°C** (30") 72°C(45")] x25 [94°C(45") 55°C (30") 72°C(45")] 72°C (5')

** Indicates that this step is a touch-down PCR. In each cycle, we decreased the annealing temperature by 0.5°C.

Agarose detection of PCR fragments
The expected sizes of the fragments produced in this reaction by the primer set 799F/1199R are ~400 bp (bacteria) and ~800 bp (Sporobolus alterniflorus mitochondria).
  • Prepare a 1% agarose gel, you can use TAE 1x as the electrophoresis buffer.
  • Add SyBr to the agarose, for a final concentration 1x, following manufacturer instructions.
  • For each PCR reaction, separate 10 µL of PCR product and mix with 2 uL of loading dye.
  • Load each sample in the agarose gel.
  • Use a 1 Kb ladder (or equivalent) as a size marker (follow manufacturer instructions).
  • Run the until the bands separate. We run our gels at 100 v for 1.5-2h but these conditions will depend on the length of the gel.
  • Visualize the results of the gel in a gel reader.

Fig. 3- Visualization of PCR fragments in an agarose gel. AxenIcity is determined by the detection of a single 800 bp (mitochondrial) band on the gel. In this gel, we used a series of positive controls that included bacterial DNA, or non-axenic tissues including soil-grown seedlings and plants that displayed bacterial presence. We also tested for presence of bacteria in roots and leaves of multiple vitroplants (in green).
Sequencing
Another way of visualizing bacterial contamination in a given sample is by visual inspection of the Sanger sequencing electropherograms.
  • Samples with bacterial contamination will display low-quality base-calling results up to position ~425 due to the presence of a secondary band that corresponds to the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The rest of the electropherogram, corresponding to the sequence of the mitochondria 16s ribosomic gene, will show as high-quality base calls.
  • Samples corresponding to axenic vitroplants will display sequences of >700 bp with high-quality results for all the bases, consistent with the amplification of a single target gene (the mitochondria 16S ribosomic gene).
Fig. 4- Sanger sequencing electropherograms.

Protocol references
Ma, K. W., Ordon, J., & Schulze‐Lefert, P. (2022). Gnotobiotic Plant Systems for Reconstitution and Functional Studies of the Root Microbiota.Current Protocols,2(2), e362.

Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962) A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures. Physiol Plantarum, 15, 473-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x


Linsmaier, E.M. and Skoog, F. (1965) Organic Growth Factor Requirements of Tobacco Tissue Cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 18, 100-127.