May 22, 2025
Comparison of Bacteria and Their Location in the Mouth Between Individuals with and without Gingivitis and/or Periodontitis: Systematic Review
- Gisell Stephany Uriza Delgado1,
- Catalina Arévalo-Caro1,2,
- Sandra Guauque-Olarte1,2
- 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá, Colombia;
- 2Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá
Protocol Citation: Gisell Stephany Uriza Delgado, Catalina Arévalo-Caro, Sandra Guauque-Olarte 2025. Comparison of Bacteria and Their Location in the Mouth Between Individuals with and without Gingivitis and/or Periodontitis: Systematic Review. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bp2l6y65zvqe/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: May 22, 2025
Last Modified: May 22, 2025
Protocol Integer ID: 218800
Keywords: periodontal pathogens, periodontitis, ginigivitis, sistemic diseases, microorganisms, bacteria, oral bacteria, other bacteria present in the oral cavity, periodontal pathogen, healthy individuals with gingivitis, periodontitis, oral cavity studies of healthy individual, connection between oral health, gingivitis, periodontitis in order, oral health, present in different oral tissue, oral cavity study, microbiota present in different tissue, microbiota present, metagenomics study, different oral tissue, rise of metagenomics study, oral cavity, different lists of bacteria, comparison of bacteria, diversity of microorganism, other bacteria, bacteria, specificities of each microorganism, microorganism, location in the mouth, mouth, richness of microorganism
Funders Acknowledgements:
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Grant ID: 62411
Abstract
Studies have reported that periodontal pathogens and other bacteria present in the oral cavity are associated with cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. The rise of metagenomics studies allows identifying the microbiota present in different tissues, mainly intestinal and oral, from healthy individuals and those with pathologies to identify bacteria with etiological, diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic potential. Different studies have independently analyzed the richness of microorganisms present in different oral tissues in healthy individuals with gingivitis or periodontitis. The richness and diversity of microorganisms in different tissues can vary depending on the specificities of each microorganism to survive. A systematic review of the literature is necessary to integrate the different lists of bacteria identified in oral cavity studies of healthy individuals, with gingivitis or periodontitis in order to use it as input for the discussion of metagenomics studies that generate a large amount of information and seek a connection between oral health and general health.
Attachments
Guidelines
The PRISMA guidelines for writing systematic reviews will be followed. The search and quality assessment will be conducted using a modified version of the STROBE guideline. Fifteen quality criteria will be evaluated, and one point will be assigned for each criterion met; articles with 70% or more points will be included.
Materials
The search for articles will be conducted in the Pubmed and Lilacs databases. The databases' 'free full text' filter tools will be used.
Troubleshooting
Aim
To compare bacteria and their location in the mouth between individuals with and without gingivitis and/or periodontitis based on a systematic review.
Methods
Research question
The PECO version of the PICO question (Population-Exposure-Comparison-Outcome) was used to construct the research question.
Population: Individuals with gingivitis and/or periodontitis
Exposure: Presence of bacteria in different locations in the mouth
Comparison: Presence of bacteria in different locations of the mouth in healthy people (without gingivitis and/or periodontitis)
Outcome: Differential richness and diversity of bacteria
Protocol
The PRISMA guidelines for writing systematic reviews will be followed.
The search and quality assessment will be conducted using a modified version of the STROBE guideline.
Fifteen quality criteria will be evaluated, and one point will be assigned for each criterion met; articles with 70% or more points will be included.
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria: Open-access, full-text primary research articles that identified bacteria in the oral cavity of healthy adults with gingivitis or periodontitis.
Exclusion criteria: In vitro studies, systematic or narrative reviews.
Sources of information
The search for articles will be conducted in the Pubmed and Lilacs databases.
The databases' 'free full text' filter tools will be used.
Article search
A preliminary search was conducted to refine the search strategy using the following keywords: periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontal pathogens, oral cavity, bacteria, and to generate the search equation.
The search will be conducted from January 2015 to June 2024, in order to obtain updated information to answer the research question.
The search equation in Pubmed will be [("periodontal pathogen"[Title/Abstract] OR microorganism[Title/Abstract] OR bacteria[Title/Abstract] OR "periodontal pathogen"[Title/Abstract] OR periodontopathogen[Title/Abstract] OR metagenomics[Title/Abstract] OR microbiome[Title/Abstract] OR microbiota[Title/Abstract]) AND (periodontitis[Title/Abstract] OR "periodontal disease"[Title/Abstract] OR gingivitis[Title/Abstract] OR "oral cavity"[Title/Abstract]) NOT (review[Publication Type]) NOT (systematic review[Publication Type])] (January 2015-June 2024).
The search equation in Lilacs will be [("periodontal pathogen" or microorganism OR bacteria OR "periodontal pathogen" OR periodontopathogen OR metagenomics OR microbiome OR microbiota) AND (periodontitis OR "periodontal disease" OR gingivitis OR "oral cavity")] (January 2015-June 2024).
Studies selection
The selection process will be conducted by the authors to include relevant studies that address the research question of this review.
After applying the eligibility criteria, two authors will jointly conduct a manual selection of studies for this project, beginning with the download of the metadata of the articles useful for the study in Excel, followed by their respective filtering, which will be based on: 1) Title, 2) Abstract, and finally 3) Full text.
Once the review of the articles is complete, any questions will be clarified with the principal investigator.
Information and variables to extract
During data collection, the following elements of each article will be taken into account: Authors of the article, year of publication, journal, inclusion and exclusion criteria, title, type of article, keywords, abstract, hypothesis, objectives, and conclusions.
The information will be collected in an Excel document manually.
The following variables will be extracted: patient age, periodontal diagnosis, classification used for diagnosis, total population studied, patient origin, methodology, cellular or molecular technique used, tissue studied, and reported microorganisms.
The lists of bacteria will be extracted from the text of the main article or from the metadata in the supplementary material, if available.
Risk of bias
Risk of bias will be assessed based on the analysis of each article using the modified version of the STROBE criteria mentioned above and using RevMan's Risk of Bias Assessment tool, in accordance with Cochrane guidelines for generating bias assessment charts.
Risks of selection, performance, detection, attrition, and reporting will be assessed.
Diagnosis criteria
The diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis will be taken into account according to what the articles report and according to the year of publication, some articles may use the 1999 or 2018 classification.
Analysis
For qualitative variables, frequencies will be obtained for the categories; for quantitative variables, ranges, means, and standard deviations will be obtained.
Species, genera, and phyla will be reported for the healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis groups.
Basic information about the articles will be recorded in summary tables and graphs using Excel.
Protocol references
1. Christianson L. AZHIN. Alternative PICO for non-clinical research questions. Cummings online resources. 2022:1
2. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for the publication of systematic reviews. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2021;74(9):790-799.
3. Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Improving the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Gac Sanit. 2009;23(2):158.e1–158.e28.
4. Marroquin TY, Guauque-Olarte S. Integrative analysis of gene and protein expression in atherosclerosis-related pathways modulated by periodontal pathogens. Systematic review. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2023 Dec;59:8-22.
5. Highfield J. Diagnosis and classification of periodontal disease. Australian Dental Journal. 2009;54(s1): S11–S26.
6. G. Caton J, Armitage G, Berglundh T, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, S. Kornman K, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(s1):S1–S8.