Mar 03, 2026
BrdU, GFAP, and Vimentin Immunohistochemistry: Chromogen detection of thaw-mounted sections
- Tracy Larson1
- 1Department of Biology, University of Virginia
Protocol Citation: Tracy Larson 2026. BrdU, GFAP, and Vimentin Immunohistochemistry: Chromogen detection of thaw-mounted sections. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.261ge1kodv47/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: March 02, 2026
Last Modified: March 03, 2026
Protocol Integer ID: 244278
Keywords: neural precursor cells, radial glia, mature astrocytes, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, immunohistochemistry, chromogen stain, dual stain, immature astrocytes, mature astrocyte, mature astrocytic progeny, generated astrocyte, proliferating radial glial cell, radial glial cell, neural precursor cell, degree neural precursor cell, vimentin immunohistochemistry, several songbird species, birth marker, chromogen detection of thaw, chromogen detection
Funders Acknowledgements:
NIGMS
Grant ID: 1R35GM150562
Abstract
The purpose of a BrdU and GFAP/Vimentin dual-stain is to identify proliferating radial glial cells and recently generated astrocytes, both mature and immature, within the nervous system. By combining a "birth marker" (BrdU, labels dividing cells) with a "cell-type marker" (GFAP, labels radial glia and mature astrocytes; Vimentin, labels immature astrocytes), researchers can identify where, when and to what degree neural precursor cells are proliferating and track the location and survival of both immature and mature astrocytic progeny. This protocol has been validated in several songbird species.
Materials
Solutions and reagents:
10xPBS, phosphate buffered saline
To make 1 L of 10x stock:
- NaCl 80.0 g
- KCl 2.0 g
- Na2HPO4 14.4 g
- KH2PO4 2.4 g
- distilled water to 1.0 L
- pH to 7.4
*Dilute to 1x working concentration with distilled water
Immunoblock
- NGS (heat inactivated) 5 mL
- 1x PBS to 100 mL
*Store at -20C long-term. Keep at 4C for up to a week of use.
Endogenous Peroxidase Solution
- 30% H2O2 50 ul
- PBS to 50 ml
*Make fresh just before use
DAB (Brown) Stain
- DAB (40 mg/mL) 300 ul
- 30% H2O2 30 ul
- 1x PBS to 30 mL
*Make fresh just before use and pH should be around 7.5
DAB with Nickle (Black) Stain
- DAB (40 mg/mL) 300 ul
- 30% H2O2 30 ul
- 0.5% nickle solution 3 ml
- 1x TBS to 30 ml
*Make fresh just before use and pH should be around 7.5
0.5% Nickle Solution
- nickle sulfate 0.5 g
- distilled water 100 mL
*pH to around 8
10x TBS
- Tris-base 30 g
- NaCl 80 g
- KCl 2 g
- dH2O to 1L
*pH to 7.6, dilute to 1x working concentration
Troubleshooting
Safety warnings
DAB is a carcinogen and should be handled with appropriate PPE and waste handling procedures.
Before start
For positive control of BrdU incorporation and staining, collect and section gut tissue from an animal of the same species pulsed with a 2 hr pre-pulse of BrdU. Cross sections of tissue will contain rings of dividing cells that can visualized by eye during chromogenic staining.
Antigen Retrieval and Blocking Endogenous Activity
Fix thaw mounted, 40uM thick sections for 15 minutes at room temperature in 4% paraformaldehyde
Remove fixative and incubate slides with 100% MEOH 30 min at -20C
Re-hydrate, 3 min each:
75% MEOH, 25% 1x PBS
50% MEOH, 50% 1x PBS
25% MEOH, 75% 1x PBS
100% 1x PBS, two times
Wash with water briefly (less than 1 min)
Treat with 2N (2M) HCl for 30-40 min at 37C to denature DNA
Note: Make fresh dilution from stock 10M HCl, diluting 1:5 (add HCl to water to reduce thermic reaction)
Rinse in 1x PBS, two times for 10 min
Incubate in peroxidase solution to remove endogenous peroxidase activity from tissue. Be sure to mix solution well and incubate tissue in solution for 30 minutes. Periodically reduce bubbles formation by tapping coplin jars on counter.
Rinse in 1x PBS, two times for 10 min
Prepare incubation chamber: using a flat bottom food storage container (with lid), place a pre-fit eggcrate lighting louver over paper towels into chamber. Pre-wet with PBS.
Block endogenous avidin and biotin activity with the Avidin Biotin kit (Vector). Dilute 4 drops per 1mL in PBS, adding 400ul to each slides laid flat on top of louver in chamber. Incubate for 30-45min, sequentially with a rinse of PBS rinse in between the incubations.
Rinse in 1x PBS, two times for 10 min
Antibody #1
Block with 5% Immunoblock for 1 hours at room temperature
Incubate with mouse-anti-Brd-U (1:350, DSHB G3G4) in 5% Immunoblock for 2 hrs at room temperature or overnight at 4C. For all antibody incubations, apply 200uL of slides laying flat in incubation chamber. Coverslip with plastic coverslips or pre-cut parafilm to prevent tissue from drying.
Remove coverslips and inse in 1x PBS four times for 15min each. While removing coverslips, apply 500uL to the edges and "float" the coverslip up off the tissue. Tip the slide and the coverslip should slide off. If the coverslip does not slide off, gently grab and edge and lift coverslip at an angle.
Rinse three times in 1x PBS for 15 minutes each
Incubate for 2 hours at room temperature or overnight at 4C with biotinylated goat-anti-mouse antibody (Vector; 1:200) in 5% immunoblock
Rinse in 1x PBS four times for 15 minutes each
Incubate for 45 minutes at room temperature, with ABC-elite mix. As per the manufacturer's instructions, mix solution 30 min in advance to “activate” by adding 1 drop of A, 1 door of B per 5mL of 1x PBS. Incubate with slides in incubation chamber, with 400uL pipetted onto each slide.
Remove slides from the incubation chamber and rinse four times in 1x PBS for 15 minutes each
Mix DAB staining solution with nickel and immediately add 800-1000uL to each slide. Watch for desired staining using the positive control of one slide of BrdU-labeled gut tissue. Once preferred staining is achieved, stop the reaction by dipping in H2O.
Note: use a dedicated incubation chamber with louver to prevent contamination with DAB (a carcinogen). Use appropriate PPE and waste handling procedures.
Return slides to coplin jars and rinse in 1x PBS four times for 15 min each
Antibody #2
Incubate with rabbit-anti-GFAP (DAKO, 1:200) AND mouse-anti-Vimentin (Invitrogen, Clone V9, 1:200) in 5% Immunoblock for 2 hrs at room temperature or overnight at 4C. Note: by labeling with both antibodies, radial glia and immature and mature astrocytes will all be ultimately stained brown.
Rinse three times in 1x PBS for 15 minutes each
Incubate for 2 hours in room temperature or 4C overnight with biotinylated goat-anti-rabbit antibody AND biotinylated goat-anti-mouse (both Vector; 1:200) in 5% immunoblock. Note: by labeling with both antibodies, radial glia and immature and mature astrocytes will all be ultimately stained brown.
Rinse in 1x PBS four times for 15 minutes each
Incubate for 45 minutes in room temperature with ABC mix, as above
Return slides to coplin jars and rinse 4 times in 1x PBS for 15 minutes each
Apply 800-1000uL of DAB staining solution without nickel to each slide. Watch for desired staining under the stereoscope. Once preferred staining is achieved, stop the reaction by dipping in H2O.
Mounting Slides
In a fume hood:
75% ethanol for 3 minutes
95% ethanol for 3 minutes
100% ethanol for 3 minutes
Xylene for 2 minutes
Apply a sufficient amount of DPX Mountant to each slide and gently lay a No.1 22x60mm glass coverslip on top of DPX. Gently adjust coverslip to ensure that it is not hanging over any edges. Note: place slides prior to DPX onto cardboard covered with two paper towels. Tape the edges of the towels so they are taught. These paper towels prevent slides from sticking to surface.
Leave in fume hood at room temperature for slides to dry, keeping flat. If paper towel or extra DPX remains on glass after dry, it can be removed by scraping off with a razor blade.