Apr 06, 2023
An improved digestion and analysis procedure for silicon in plant tissue
Peer-reviewed method
- Noah Langenfeld1,
- Bruce Bugbee1
- 1Utah State University
- PLOS ONE Lab ProtocolsTech. support email: [email protected]
Protocol Citation: Noah Langenfeld, Bruce Bugbee 2023. An improved digestion and analysis procedure for silicon in plant tissue. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.ewov1o3e7lr2/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: January 28, 2023
Last Modified: April 06, 2023
Protocol Integer ID: 76021
Keywords: plant tissue silicon, si solubilization, measurement of si, si in leaf, analysis procedure for silicon, balance recovery of si, silica, analysis of si, root tissue, plant tissue, si recovery, silicon, phosphorus, hydroponic solution, si, digestion method, ph, sio2
Funders Acknowledgements:
NASA
Grant ID: NNX17AJ31G
Abstract
Silicon (Si) in plant tissues reduces abiotic and biotic stress, but it is incorporated as silica (SiO2), which is difficult to solubilize for analysis. We modified an oven-induced tissue-digestion method to improve Si solubilization and validated the accuracy by quantifying the mass-balance recovery of Si from hydroponic solution and in plant tissues. Leaf, stem, and root tissues were dried, finely-ground, and digested in 12.5 molar sodium hydroxide at 95 °C. The solutions were then acidified with hydrochloric acid to achieve a pH of 2 for measurement of Si using the molybdate blue colorimetric method. Interference of phosphorus (P) in the analysis was minimized by increasing the addition of oxalic acid from 0.6 to 1.1 molar. We recovered 101 ± 13% of the Si in leaf, stem, and root tissues across 15 digestions. This Si recovery was fourteen-fold higher than the standard acid-extraction method and similar to a USDA-ARS alkaline-extraction method. Our procedure offers a low-cost, accurate method for extraction and analysis of Si in plant tissues.
Materials
Sample digestion
- Octyl alcohol
- 100 mM sodium hydroxide
- 30% hydrogen peroxide
- 12.5 M sodium hydroxide
- 5 mM ammonium fluoride
- 6 M hydrochloric acid
- Deionized water
Sample analysis
- Deionized water
- 6 M hydrochloric acid
- 81 mM ammonium molybdate
- 1.1 M oxalic acid
- 90% sucrose and 10% isoascorbic acid
Troubleshooting
Safety warnings
This procedure utilizes a strong base (12.5 M sodium hydroxide) and a strong acid (6 M hydrochloric acid) for sample digestion and fixing. Gloves and safety goggles are required when handling these chemicals.
Before start
Preheat the oven to 95 °C .
Sample drying
Dry fresh plant tissue at 80 °C for at least 48:00:00 . Water can remain in tissue below 80 °C , which increases dry mass, and volatile compounds can be driven off above 80 °C , which reduces dry mass.
2d
Sample grinding
Grind dry plant tissue in a mortar and pestle to a uniform, fine powder. Particle sizes should be less than about 0.1 mm in diameter (consistency of fine sand).
Sample preparation
10m
Preheat an oven to 95 °C .
Triple rinse a 50-mL polyethylene screw-cap centrifuge tube with 100 millimolar (mM) sodium hydroxide.
Triple rinse the 50-mL polyethylene screw-cap centrifuge tube with distilled water.
Dry the tube and cap with a clean paper towel.
Add about 100 mg of dry and ground plant tissue to the tube. Record the exact mass. Ensure all ground tissue is transferred to the bottom of the tube and not stuck on the side.
First digestion
30m
Add 5 drops of octyl-alcohol to the ground tissue in the bottom of the tube to reduce foaming.
Add 2 mL of 30 % (v/v) hydrogen peroxide to the bottom of the tube. Wash the inside of the tube free from the tissue sample with the hydrogen peroxide as it is added.
Tighten the screw cap and place the tube upright (standing inside a 250 mL glass beaker works well) into a 95 °C oven for 00:30:00 .
30m
Second digestion
4h
After 00:30:00 , remove the tube from the oven using heat-safe gloves.
Inside a fume hood, add 4 mL of12.5 Molarity (M) sodium hydroxide to the tube. Add the sodium hydroxide slowly to avoid excess foaming.
Gently vortex the tube, replace the cap, and return to the 95 °C oven for an additional 04:00:00 .
4h
Sample fixing
5m
After 4 hours, remove the tube from the oven using heat-safe gloves.
Add 1 mL of 5 mM ammonium fluoride to the tube to facilitate the formation of monosilicic acid.
Add 9 mL of 6 Molarity (M) hydrochloric acid to neutralize the sample. Add the hydrochloric acid slowly to avoid foaming. The solution should turn clear after addition of the acid.
Add distilled water to the tube up to 50 mL.
Sample analysis
12m
Use deionized water to prepare a 1:25 dilution of the sample with a final volume of 10 mL . Place sample into a 10 mL glass vial or test tube.
Add 6 drops of 6 Molarity (M) hydrochloric acid to the sample vial. Cap the vial and invert to mix.
Add 12 drops of 81 millimolar (mM) ammonium molybdate. Cap the vial and invert to mix. Wait 00:05:00 .
5m
Add 8 drops of 1.1 Molarity (M) oxalic acid. Cap the vial and invert to mix. Wait 00:02:00 .
2m
Add 100 mg of 90 Mass Percent sucrose and 10 Mass Percent isoascorbic acid. Cap the vial and invert to mix until solids have dissolved. Wait 00:05:00 .
5m
If using a LaMotte Smart3 colorimeter, select the Silica - Low Range method. Insert vial into colorimeter to obtain measurement of silica in the sample. If using a spectrophotometer, prepare a calibration curve from 0 to 4 ppm silica and analyze all samples at 650 and 815 nm.