Sep 25, 2024

Public workspaceAAV-Zombie on cultured cells V.1

DOI
dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.36wgqnz53gk5/v1
  • 1California Institute of Technology
Gerard Michael Coughlin
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DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.36wgqnz53gk5/v1
Protocol Citation: Gerard Michael Coughlin 2024. AAV-Zombie on cultured cells. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.36wgqnz53gk5/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,  which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: September 17, 2024
Last Modified: September 25, 2024
Protocol Integer ID: 107766
Funders Acknowledgements:
Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s
Grant ID: ASAP-020495
Abstract
Detection of AAV genomes in situ can facilitate understanding of AAV transduction and processing. This protocol enables detection of AAV genomes in cultured cells and is based on the Zombie method published in Askary et al., Nat Biotechnol 38: 66. AAVs carrying barcoded genomes are delivered to cells. Following fixation, a phage RNA polymerase is used to transcribe the barcode in situ, yielding barcoded transcripts that can be detected with RNA FISH. This protocol is compatible with either ssAAV or scAAV genomes. In the former case, detected genomes will be primarily nuclear and detectable once second strand synthesis has occurred. In the latter case, the genome can be detected regardless of where in the transduction pathway the genome is. This protocol can be combined with RNA FISH detection of reporter transcripts or endogenous transcripts, enabling measurement of expression and cell type classification.
Materials
ReagentMethanol Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #322415
ReagentAcetic Acid 100%Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #A6283
ReagentEthanol, anhydrousVWR InternationalCatalog #89125-172
Reagent UltraPure™ DNase/RNase-Free Distilled WaterThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #10977023
ReagentParaformaldehyde 32% (methanol free)Electron Microscopy SciencesCatalog #15714
ReagentPBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline (10X) pH 7.4Thermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #AM9625
ReagentSSC (20X), RNase-freeThermo FisherCatalog #AM9763
ReagentEthylene carbonateMerck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #E26258
ReagentDextran Sulfate, 50% solutionMerck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #3730-OP
ReagentTween 20, 10% aqueous solutionMerck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #11332465001
ReagentMEGAscript™ T7 Transcription KitThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #AMB13345
ReagentMEGAscript™ SP6 Transcription KitThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #AM1330
ReagentHoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, Trihydrate - 10 mg/mL Solution in WaterThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #H3570
ReagentProLong Diamond Antifade MountantThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #P36970

HCR FISH probes - can be obtained as ssDNA oligos, from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT; https://www.idtdna.com/) and/or from Molecular Instruments (https://www.molecularinstruments.com/)
HCR hairpins - can be obtained from Molecular Instruments (https://www.molecularinstruments.com/)
Fluorophore-conjugated polyT probes can be obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT; https://www.idtdna.com/)

For paired IHC and AAV-Zombie, you will also need:
ReagentBlockAid™ Blocking SolutionThermo Fisher ScientificCatalog #B10710
ReagentTriton X-100, 10% solution Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #93443

Suitable primary and secondary antibodies (e.g. Reagentanti-AAV VP1/VP2/VP3 mouse monoclonal, B1, AFDye™ 488 ConjugatePROGENCatalog #61058-488 )

Note
We have successfully detected capsid proteins with immunofluorescence staining via a monoclonal antibody against linear capsid epitopes (clone B1). As MAA fixation is expected to denature proteins, we suggest trying primary antibodies against linear epitopes vs. those against conformational epitopes.


Safety warnings
  • AAVs are biohazardous materials and must be handled according to governmental and institutional regulations. Experiments involving AAVs were performed using biosafety level 2 practices as required by the California Institute of Technology and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • rAAVs, although replication-incompetent, are potent gene-delivery vehicles and must be handled according to governmental and institutional regulations. The safety of packaged transgenes (e.g., oncogenic genes) should be carefully considered. Perform all procedures in a certified biosafety cabinet and clean AAV-contaminated equipment, surfaces, and labware with fresh 10% (vol/vol) bleach.
  • HEK293T cells and AAVs are biohazardous materials and must be handled according to governmental and institutional regulations. All experiments involving the aforementioned materials were performed in a Class II biosafety cabinet with annual certification as required by the California Institute of Technology and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Reagent set up
Reagent set up
General note on reagents and consumables

Note
As AAV-Zombie detects AAV genomes through an RNA transcript proxy, it's key that all reagents, tools, and work surface are RNase-free. Use RNase-free consumables and reagents to prepare all buffers.

Prepare 3:1 methanol:acetic acid (MAA) fixation buffer by combining:

  • Methanol: Amount30 mL
  • Glacial acetic acid: Amount10 mL

in a 50 mL conical tube. Store solution at Temperature-20 °C for up to 3 months.

Note
Scale up or down volumes based on needs.

Prepare 70% ethanol solution, by combining

  • 100% Ethanol: Amount35 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount15 mL

in a 50 mL conical tube. Store solution at Temperature-20 °C for up to 3 months.

Note
Scale up or down volumes based on needs.

Prepare 4% paraformaldehyde, 1x PBS solution (4% PFA, 1x PBS), by combining:

  • 32% paraformaldehyde: Amount6.25 mL
  • 10x Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS): Amount5 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount38.75 mL

in a 50 mL conical tube. Store solution at Temperature4 °C for up to 1 month.
Prepare probe hybridization buffer, by combining:

  • 20x saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer: Amount5 mL
  • Ethylene carbonate: Amount5 mL
  • 50% dextran sulfate: Amount10 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount30 mL

in a 50 mL conical tube. Store solution at TemperatureRoom temperature for up to 3 weeks, or Temperature-20 °C for up to a year.

Note
Scale up or down volumes based on needs. We make appropriately sized aliquots (e.g. Amount10 mL ) and store at Temperature-20 °C .

Ethylene carbonate is a non-toxic substitute for formamide, and may also help to reduce background from non-specific interaction (as compared to formamide-based hybridization buffers). Substituting ethylene carbonate for formamide, at the same concentration, should yield qualitatively similar results.

Ethylene carbonate is solid at room temperature. Pre-warm to Temperature37 °C to melt.

Probe hybridization buffer can also be obtained from Molecular Instruments (https://www.molecularinstruments.com/)

Prepare stringent wash buffer, by combining:

  • 20x saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer: Amount5 mL
  • Ethylene carbonate: Amount15 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount30 mL

in a 50 mL conical tube. Store solution at TemperatureRoom temperature for up to 3 weeks, or Temperature-20 °C for up to a year.

Note
Scale up or down volumes based on needs. We make appropriately sized aliquots (e.g. Amount10 mL ) and store at Temperature-20 °C .

Ethylene carbonate is a non-toxic substitute for formamide, and may also help to reduce background from non-specific interaction (as compared to formamide-based wash buffers). Substituting ethylene carbonate for formamide, at the same concentration, should yield qualitatively similar results.

Stringent wash buffer can also be obtained from Molecular Instruments (as "Probe wash buffer"; https://www.molecularinstruments.com/)

Prepare wash buffer (5x SSC, with 0.1% Tween-20), by combining:

  • 20x saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer: Amount100 mL
  • 10% Tween-20: Amount5 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount395 mL

Store solution at TemperatureRoom temperature for up to a year.

Prepare 5x SSC, by combining:

  • 20x saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer: Amount12.5 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount37.5 mL

Store solution at TemperatureRoom temperature for up to a year

Prepare HCR amplification buffer, by combining:

  • 20x saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer: Amount5 mL
  • Ethylene carbonate: Amount5 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount35 mL

in a 50 mL conical tube. Store solution at TemperatureRoom temperature for up to 3 months.

Note
Scale up or down volumes based on needs.

Ethylene carbonate is a non-toxic substitute for formamide, and may also help to reduce background from non-specific interaction (as compared to formamide-based wash buffers). Substituting ethylene carbonate for formamide, at the same concentration, should yield qualitatively similar results.

HCR amplification buffer can also be obtained from Molecular Instruments (https://www.molecularinstruments.com/)

Prepare 1x PBS, by adding:

  • 10x PBS: Amount55.5 mL

To a Amount500 mL bottle of UltraPure water.

(Optional) Prepare 1x PBS-Tx, by combining:

  • 10x PBS: Amount50 mL
  • 10% Triton X-100: Amount5 mL
  • UltraPure water: Amount445 mL

Note
1x PBS-Tx is used if you opt to add incorporate antibody labeling to the protocol.

Sample preparation
Sample preparation
General note on cell culture.

Note
The volumes for this protocol assume that the samples are adherent cultured cells plated on a 12 mm coverglass in a 24-well plate. All volumes in this section are per well. Scale volumes up and down accordingly if using different sized coverslips, or if cells cultured on a glass-bottom dish.

If cells are cultured and processed on the well bottom, use glass-bottom well to ensure optimal conditions for imaging.

Note that given the cost of the reagents involved in AAV-Zombie, scaling up reactions can become costly. Flooding wells with RNA phage polymerase solution requires at least 10-times more buffer and enzyme than if the reaction is carried out by overturning a coverslip on a droplet of solution. Thus, we recommend culturing cells on coverslips, or passaging cells onto coverslips before fixation.

Ensure that coverslips used have adequate and appropriate coatings for cell type of interest.

Transduce cells with AAVs carrying Zombie barcode and phage RNA polymerase promoter (barcode sequences can be found in Supplementary Table 1 of Askary et al., Nat Biotechnol 38: 66).

Note
Fixation time(s), cell type, AAV serotype, genome form, MOI, etc. are all experiment-dependent. We have used this protocol to detect scAAV and ssAAV genomes delivered by AAV6, AAV-DJ, and engineered AAV9 variants.

In choosing a phage RNA polymerase and promoter, we have relied primarily on T7. We have also used SP6 RNA polymerase successfully, but this yields smaller size spots. We have not tested T3 RNA polymerase in this application, but according to Askary et al., Nat Biotechnol 38: 66, this should yield similar results to T7 RNA polymerase.

(Optional) Depending on cell type, experimental question, AAV genome format, etc., it may be necessary to change the media some time post-transduction (e.g. >3 hr). Between aspiration of the old media and addition of the new media, we recommend doing at least 3 washes in a suitable buffer or media.

Note
Given their double stranded nature, scAAV genomes will be detected by AAV-Zombie regardless of where they are in the transduction pathway. This includes AAVs that are merely adsorbed to the surface of the culture dish or coverslip. To reduce background from scAAVs outside of cells, we recommend thoroughly washing cells after transduction.

(Optional) Dense adherent cultures can complicate cell segmentation and downstream image analysis. It may be beneficial to passage cells to a lower confluence (e.g. 10%) before fixation.

Note
The time that it takes for cells to reattach after passaging is based on multiple factors (cell type, passaging method, media, coatings, etc.). Visually confirm that cells are attached before proceeding with fixation.

At time of collection, aspirate media and wash cells one time with Amount1 mL DPBS. Aspirate DPBS and add Amount1 mL ice-cold MAA fixation buffer. Transfer to Temperature-20 °C for Duration00:15:00 .

Note
Collection time is dependent upon experimental question. Because AAV-Zombie detects the AAV's genome, there is no reason to wait until reporter gene expression (e.g. GFP). However, as AAV-Zombie is compatible with RNA-based readouts of reporter gene expression, it may be beneficial to wait until detectable reporter expression to allow for paired DNA and RNA readout.

MAA fixes cells by causing proteins to precipitate, but will not crosslink molecules. Avoiding crosslinking fixatives is necessary as crosslinking will interfere with the in situ transcription reaction.

15m
Aspirate MAA into an appropriate container for disposal. Wash cells in 1 time with Amount1 mL ice-cold 70% ethanol. Remove ethanol wash and dispose of with MAA. Add Amount1 mL of ice-cold 70% ethanol and transfer samples to Temperature-20 °C until processing.

Note
We have processed samples that were stored up to 3 months in 70% ethanol at Temperature-20 °C , and achieved the expected results.


In situ transcription and probe hybridization
In situ transcription and probe hybridization
1h
1h
General note on scaling reactions

Note
Note that given the cost of the reagents involved, scaling up reactions can become costly; flooding wells with the phage RNA polymerase solution requires at least 10-times more buffer and enzyme than if reaction is carried out by overturning a coverslip on a droplet of the phage RNA polymerase solution. Thus, we recommend culturing cells on coverslips, or passaging cells onto coverslips before fixation.

All volumes and procedures in following section assume that the samples are adherent cultured cells on a 12 mm coverslip.

Prepare the reaction chamber. Remove the wafer from a P1000 pipette tip box, add Amount50 mL of MilliPore (or comparable) water to the bottom, and then replace the wafer. Cut an appropriately sized piece of parafilm and lay it over the top of the wafer with the clean side up (i.e. the side that was facing the paper).

Place the box into a Temperature37 °C incubator, for at least Duration01:00:00 .

Note
This pipette tip box will serve as a humidified reaction chamber for the in situ transcription reaction to take place. The reaction solution will be pipetted into droplets onto the surface of the parafilm, and thus it is critical that the upwards-facing side remains clean. Prewarming the parafilm will allow it to flatten out.

1h
Thaw the NTP(s) and buffer at TemperatureRoom temperature , then place on ice.

Note
The suggested kit provides each nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) separately (i.e. ATP, UTP, CTP, GTP). To simplify reaction setup, mix together NTPs at equal volumes, then aliquot and store at Temperature-20 °C .


Set up in situ transcription reaction solution. For each coverslip, prepare Amount20 µL of reaction solution, consisting of:

  • NTPs: Amount8 µL (or Amount2 µL of each NTP, if storing separately)
  • UltraPure water: Amount8 µL
  • RNA polymerase: Amount2 µL
  • Buffer: Amount2 µL

Store reaction solution on ice until use.

Note
The recommended T7 and SP6 RNA polymerase in vitro transcription kits use separate buffers and separate NTP concentrations. Use the buffers and NTPs specific to the polymerase used. If combining T7 and SP6 polymerases in a single reaction, use T7 buffer and T7 NTPs.

Prepare extra transcription solution than necessary, especially if processing many coverslips.

Retrieve samples from Temperature-20 °C storage. Aspirate the 70% ethanol off, briefly wash samples with Amount1 mL of 1x PBS. Aspirate wash, add Amount1 mL of fresh 1x PBS and keep at TemperatureRoom temperature until use.
Set up tools and disposables. You will need a Kimwipe, a pair of clean forceps (suitable for lifting and manipulating coverslips), a 23g needle with the tip bent (to facilitate lifting of coverslip from the well), and a 15 mL tube with Amount15 mL of UltraPure water.
Start in situ transcription reactions.

CRITICAL For these steps, pay careful attention to which side of the coverslip has the cells.

  1. Remove reaction chamber from Temperature37 °C incubator. Pipette Amount20 µL of in situ transcription solution onto the surface of the parafilm (if doing multiple coverslips, prepare up to 4 spots at a time; ensure spots are adequately spaced)
  2. Gently lift coverslip from well, using hooked needle and forceps.
  3. Briefly dip coverslip in UltraPure water to remove residual PBS, then gently touch the edge of the coverslip to a Kimwipe to wick away excess liquid
  4. Carefully lower coverslip with cell-side down onto a droplet of the transcription solution, being careful not to trap bubbles underneath
  5. Repeat for each coverslip
Transfer reaction chamber to Temperature37 °C incubator, and incubate transcription reaction for 2-3 hours.

Note
During this incubation, the phage RNA polymerase transcribes the barcode on the AAV genome, resulting in free-floating RNA transcripts containing the barcode sequence.

During in situ transcription reaction, pre-warm the hybridization buffer to Temperature42 °C . You will need Amount1 mL of hybridization buffer per coverslip.

Note
Amount500 µL of the hybridization buffer will be used in a pre-hybridization equilibration step (Step 26) and Amount500 µL will be used for probe hybridization (Step 28). Prepare extra hybridization solution.


Following in situ transcription reaction, use forceps to lift coverslips off parafilm and place into a clean 24-well plate, with the cell-side up. Add Amount500 µL of 4% PFA, 1x PBS solution. Fix cells for Duration00:15:00 at TemperatureRoom temperature . Following fixation, aspirate PFA solution, then wash twice with Amount1 mL of 1x PBS, followed by 2 washes in 5x SSC (Duration00:05:00 per wash).

Note
PFA will crosslink molecules in the samples, including nascent RNA from the in situ transcription reaction. This fixation step ensures that barcoded transcripts do not diffuse from the template DNA, enabling spatial detection of the AAV genome through the RNA proxy.

20m
After PFA fixation, remove 5x SSC and add Amount500 µL of pre-warmed hybridization buffer. Incubate at Temperature37 °C for Duration00:30:00 .

30m
During incubation in Step 26, prepare probe solution by diluting probes to 2 nM in the remaining hybridization buffer. Return to Temperature42 °C until use.

Note
Probes for Zombie barcodes, AAV reporter gene transcripts and for endogenous transcripts can be pooled at this point.

Probes can be obtained as ssDNA oligos, e.g. from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT).

We store working solutions of probes at 1 uM in Temperature-20 °C . These are prepared either by combining and diluting 100 uM stocks of each separate probe, or by obtaining a pre-pooled mixture of probes from IDT and resuspending these to 1 uM.


Following equilibration in hybridization buffer, aspirate old hybridization buffer from samples and add Amount500 µL of probe solution (Step 27). Wrap seal edge of the plate with parafilm to prevent evaporation. Incubate at Temperature37 °C DurationOvernight .

Probe washes and Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification
Probe washes and Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification
30m
30m
Note on reaction volumes

Note
All volumes and procedures in following section assume that the samples are adherent cultured cells on a 12 mm coverslip.

Pre-warm stringent wash buffer to Temperature37 °C , vortexing a couple times to ensure components are thoroughly mixed. You will need Amount1.5 mL of stringent wash buffer per coverslip.

Once stringent wash buffer is warmed to Temperature37 °C and mixed, wash samples 3 times in stringent wash buffer. Perform 1 brief rinse with Amount500 µL of buffer, followed by two longer washes with Amount1 mL at Temperature37 °C for Duration00:30:00 each.

Note
Keep stringent wash buffer at Temperature37 °C during washes.

30m
Following stringent washes, wash 3 times in wash buffer (5x SSC, with 0.1% Tween-20). Perform 1 brief rinse with Amount1 mL of buffer, followed by two longer washes with Amount1 mL at TemperatureRoom temperature for Duration00:30:00 each.
30m
Following washes, aspirate wash buffer from samples and add Amount1 mL of HCR amplification buffer. Equilibrate samples in HCR amplification buffer for Duration00:30:00 at TemperatureRoom temperature .

30m
During HCR amplification buffer equilibration step, prepare HCR hairpins.

  1. Aliquot each hairpin separately into PCR tubes
  2. Using a thermocycler, heat hairpins to Temperature95 °C for Duration00:02:00
  3. Remove hairpins from thermocycler and allow to cool back down to room temperature in the dark (at least Duration00:10:00

Note
Snap-cooling hairpins is critical, as it allows the hairpins to re-fold properly.

CRITICAL Do not mix hairpins together before snap-cooling, as this may cause them to hybridize to one another. Only mix the hairpins together in amplification buffer, and only once they have cooled down to room temperature.

12m
Following equilibration in HCR amplification buffer, prepare HCR amplification solution. For each coverslip, prepare Amount300 µL of amplification solution. Dilute snap-cooled hairpins to 30 nM in the HCR amplification buffer.

For example, for one coverslip with one probe set using the B5 initiator, combine:

  • HCR amplification buffer: Amount294 µL
  • Hairpin 1 (e.g. B5H1): Amount3 µL
  • Hairpin 2 (e.g. B5H2): Amount3 µL

Briefly vortex to mix.

Note
Prepare extra amplification solution.

Aspirate old amplification buffer from samples, then add Amount300 µL of amplification solution. Incubate Duration01:00:00 to Duration03:00:00 at TemperatureRoom temperature and in the dark.

Note
From this point on, keep samples in dark as much as possible.

A 1 hour incubation may be preferred, to limit the size of resulting spots. However, if also detecting endogenous genes or reporter transcript, it may be necessary to do a 3 hour incubation. Alternatively, incubate samples in amplification solution with hairpins for endogenous genes for 2 hours, then switch to an amplification solution containing all hairpins for the final hour.

4h
Following HCR amplification, remove unassembled hairpins by washing 4 times in wash buffer (5x SSC, with 0.1% Tween-20). Perform 1 brief rinse with Amount1 mL of buffer, followed by three longer washes with Amount1 mL at TemperatureRoom temperature for Duration00:10:00 each.
10m
(Optional) Label cell cytoplasm with a fluorophore-conjugated polyT probe. For each coverslip, prepare Amount1 mL of a 100 nM polyT probe dilution in wash buffer (5x SSC, with 0.1% Tween-20). Incubate samples in polyT probe for Duration01:00:00 at TemperatureRoom temperature .

Following incubation, wash samples 4 times in wash buffer (5x SSC, with 0.1% Tween-20). Perform 1 brief rinse with Amount1 mL of buffer, followed by three longer washes with Amount1 mL at TemperatureRoom temperature for Duration00:10:00 each.

1h 10m
(Optional) Label proteins with immunofluorescence staining.

We expect that most standard immunofluorescence protocols can be used here. Below is the protocol we used for labeling AAV capsid proteins with immunofluorescence using a fluorophore-conjugated primary antibody. Optimal incubation conditions, dilutions, and durations, will need to be determined empirically for each protocol and antibody.

  1. Block samples in Amount1 mL of BlockAid blocking buffer with 0.1% Triton X-100, for Duration01:00:00 at TemperatureRoom temperature
  2. Incubate samples with 1:100 dilution of primary antibody in BlockAid blocking buffer with 0.1% Triton X-100, Temperature4 °C for DurationOvernight .
  3. Wash samples 3 times in 1x PBS-Tx, for Duration00:15:00 each at TemperatureRoom temperature

Note
We successfully detected capsid proteins with immunofluorescence staining via a fluorophore-conjugated monoclonal antibody against linear capsid epitopes (clone B1). As MAA fixation is expected to denature proteins, we suggest trying antibodies against linear epitopes vs. those against conformational epitopes.

1h 15m
(Optional) Label nucleus with Hoescht 33342. For each coverslip, prepare Amount1 mL of 1x PBS with 1/10000 Hoechst 33342. Incubate samples in Hoechst solution for Duration00:15:00 at TemperatureRoom temperature .

Following incubation, wash samples 3 times with Amount1 mL of 1x PBS at TemperatureRoom temperature for Duration00:05:00 each.

Note
DAPI can be used in place of Hoechst, with no changes to the protocol.

20m
Mount coverslips. You will need a Kimwipe, a pair of clean forceps (suitable for lifting and manipulating coverslips), a 23g needle with the tip bent (to facilitate lifting of coverslip from the well), and a 15 mL tube with Amount15 mL of UltraPure water, a suitable mounting medium, and glass slides.

For each coverslip:
  1. Place a Amount20 µL droplet of mounting medium on the surface of a clean glass slide.
  2. Using a hooked needle and forceps, lift coverslip out of the well, dip briefly into UltraPure water, then touch side of coverslip to a Kimwipe to wick away excess water.
  3. Carefully lower coverslip cell side-down onto the droplet of mounting medium, being careful to prevent bubbles

Once all coverslips are mounted, gently press down on each coverslip to push out excess mounting media. Store in the dark at TemperatureRoom temperature for at least DurationOvernight until mounting media cures. Once cured, excess Prolong Diamond can be easily removed by running slides under a gentle stream of Millipore water, being careful to not displace coverslips.

Samples are now ready to image.

Note
For mounting coverslips, we use Prolong Diamond, but any mounting medium compatible with fluorescence signal should work. If using another mounting medium, follow manufacturer directions for that mounting medium.


Protocol references
Askary, A. et al. In situ readout of DNA barcodes and single base edits facilitated by in vitro transcription. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 66–75 (2020).

Jang, M. J. et al. Spatial transcriptomics for profiling the tropism of viral vectors in tissues. Nat. Biotechnol. 41, 1272–1286 (2023).

Choi, H. M. T. et al. Third-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: multiplexed, quantitative, sensitive, versatile, robust. Development 145, dev165753 (2018).